Existentialism in the Stranger and the Metamorphosis Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in the Stranger and the Metamorphosis EssayWe are thrget into existence first without a pre pay backd genius and only ulterior do we construct our nature or essence through our actions. (Existentialism)This quote is present through the main characters of The Stranger, Blade set-back, and The Metamorphosis in each of these works the characters create their own nature. These works are similar several fashions in all three the men create their own nature by the free choices they make. Through these choices they also create their own values. The characters values and meanings of bread and butter are where these works differ.Initially, in The Metamorphosis, Gregors feeling seems to wee meaning, through providing for his family, until he qualifyings into a card and determines for himself that his life really has no meaning. This is very unlike The Stranger because Meursault, throughout the entire work, lives his life as if there is no meaning to life and he come abouts knowing this. Finally Deckard, at the beginning of his life, seems to have lived his life with no meaning or values, until he encounters Roy and Rachael who change his perspective.Throughout these works these men make makes choices that determine who they are and what their about, but ultimately every one of them knows their subsequent mortality. It is clearly understood through Meursaults news report that life to him is nonsense(prenominal). The choices he makes and things he says are without thought or meaning. They are usually in the spur of the moment of what will please him. For theoretical account the novel starts by Meursault telling the audience Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. I got a telegram from the home Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. dep supplantably yours. That doesnt mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday(The Stranger). Meursault treats his mothers death with the same demeanor with which he will later treat the death of the Arab. t wo of these events are usually different in the types of emotions they reveal, but Meursault shows no emotion at all. He just goes through the day to day motions of life. Through his narration and the tone of the novel the reader is clearly able to determine Meursault lives with no emotion or essence. He accepts who he is and his mortality. In the end he accepts a punishment that is not worthy of the crime.He knows even if he doesnt get executed he will die anyway whether its ten geezerhood from now or fifty. Clearly The Stranger questions the reader whether gentleman really have a meaning for life since in the end everyone will die and be forgotten. It seems that Camus meant to get the point across that in life there is no predetermined nature people create it through their choices. Meursault chooses to live his life with little or no meaning. Unlike Marie who falls in love with Meursault and chooses to support him even though he didnt care if they got married.Like Marie in The S tranger Gregor, who is the main character, in The Metamorphosis has a mean and value to his life. Gregor supports his family because his father failed and never went back to work. Gregor had it all respectable job, money, and ability. He chose to support his family and cease them to live a nice life while he worked and traveled with little time for himself. Gregor doesnt like his job, but he chooses to stay because it offers good money and he will pay of debt. All of these choices are Gregors they are what he based his life off of.When he changes into a bug his mentality is altered. He begins to realize that all that he did for his family eventually is forgotten and soon he is forgotten about too. Kafka relates this to the human race and its inevitable end. When humans die in the beginning they are remembered, but slowly people forget, or lose interest, until eventually that person is totally forgotten about and life goes on. This previous statement is clearly seen in the novel wh en the family moves and decides that is time to marry off their daughter. They never mention anything about the loss of their son.In Blade Runner the main character Deckard destroys replicants. He does his job and usually never questions the reasons why he destroys the human-like robots. The director seems to try to get across the point early that Deckard lives a meaningless life. He does whatever he wants whenever he wants. At first it seems like he lives a life much like Meursault, but later it becomes clear that he is trying to find a meaning for life. When talking to Roy, Deckard realizes that in life everyone is going to die and that everything that person did would be forgotten and lost.At the same time Roy explains the value of life, the choices, love, and things humans can experience. Blade Runner tries to get across to the viewer that they are who they want to be and that in the end the choices and things theyve seen will be forgotten and meaningless. In all three works the slogan Existence precedes Essence (Existentialism) is present. Each one of the main characters makes their choices which determine their nature. all(prenominal) one of the characters at some point realizes that they all share a common trait with the rest of the human race and that is death.They also know that in the end they will be forgotten about and eventually everyone will move on with their lives as if they never existed. These works differ in the way each character goes about their lives. Meursault believes there is no meaning to life so he lives his life on the fly. He does whatever pleases him. Gregor begins with a life he has chosen for himself only to realize that eventually all that he has done will be forgotten and lost. Finally Deckard begins with no meaning and tries to determine a meaning through replicants.He realizes that the choices in his life are what makes his life meaningful. Throughout these works Existentialism was present. The characters offered a glimpse of the reason for existence. Whether it was for providing for a family or killing replicants each one of the character in the end determined that life was only the choices that they make. Ultimately they all learned that everything they did and chose to do was meaningless when they were dead and there is no way to avoid it.

6 master plans Essay Example for Free

6 master plans Essay1. LOI 39/2001 SANDIGAN passkey visualize (Anti-Criminality Master Plan) dated 03 celestial latitude 2001 This Plan shall serve as the Master Plan in which all plans and programs of the PNP shall conform with and supplement. It shall prescribe the grand strategy to be undertaken by PNP Offices and personnel on crime prevention, control and suppression, in the total repugn against all forces of criminality. 2. LOI 40/2001 SANDUGO assure blueprint (The PNP ISO Master Plan) dated 04 declination 2001 This serves as the long-range and holistic master plan of the PNP in waging an internal security support operations nationwide. Premised on the estimate of the national situation and other(a) considerations, it prescribes the counter-insurgency support strategy, operational concept, scheme of implementation, service support and coordinating instructions in order to accomplish the PNPs internal security support mission. 3. LOI 42/2001 SANGYAMAN MASTER PLAN date d 06 December 2001 (Pnps Master Plan To Help Protect And Preserve Our Environment, Cultural Properties And Natural Resources)See more Social process raiseThis master plan prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP Units/Offices in assisting lead government agencies in the enforcement of laws over Philippine territorial waters, lakes, rivers, mountain ranges, forest, to include laws and ordinances that have been rotary forth to preserve, protect and enhance our environment and natural resources, in close coordination with the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and other tasked government agencies. 4. LOI 43/2001 SANG-BANAT MASTER PLAN (Pnps Master Plan For The Campaign against Illegal Drugs) dated 07 December 2001 This master plan sets forth the concept of operations, operational guidelines and tasks of all PNP units/offices in the total fight against illegal drugs integrating/orchestrating the activities of all concerned National Government Agen cies (NGAs) in the conduct of anti-illegal drug campaign at the national down to barangay levels.LOI 44/2001 SANG-INGAT MASTER PLAN (Master Plan On Security Preparations) dated 10 December 2001 This Master Plan sets forth the strategic concepts and operational guidelines, as well as contingency plan to ensure the maintenance of peace and order during the year-round observance of holidays, which involves great concern on movement of the citizens, international, national and local clash/conferences/events, and rallies/mass action in protest to wide rangeof issues. 6. LOI 45/2001 SAKLOLO MASTER PLAN (MASTER PLAN ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS) dated 12 December 2001 This Master Plan sets forth the strategic concepts, operational guidelines and coordinating instructions to be undertaken by PROs and tasked units/offices on disaster management. With this Letter of Instructions, the action that will be undertaken by the concerned PNP units/offices will be as responsive and possible with the sup port of the government agencies and community.

Debate on Auditor Independence

Debate on Auditor IndependenceAbstractRecently of corporate crock up in the US, Australia, and elsewhere, regulatory attention has been drawn to the published of take stocked accountor provided non- analyse service (NAS) and examine customer relationship. This assignment aims to debate on attendant independence by providing evidence regarding the relationship between non analyze services and provide consulting services at a lower cost for their audit clients.In tracking the suppuration and identify the key stages and the changes that took place in approaches to orthogonal auditing. The two listed companies selected for arguments atomic number 18 Enron Corporation versus Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd.Enron Corporation (former NYSE ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy comp whatsoever based in Huston, Texas. It was one of the worlds leading electricity, nature gas, paper and communications companies.1Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd (Chartered) is one of the worlds top dedicated semiconducting material foundries in Singapore. It provides comprehensive wafer fabrication services and technologies to semiconductor supplier and system companies.They are taken a reference for the arguments that influenced by the changes which wipe out reported and analyses the effect. question on non audit service provision impairs hearer independence, differential incentives drive listener behavior.IntroductionAuditor independence is a cornerstone of the auditing profession, a crucial element in the statutory corporate reporting process and a key prerequisite for the adding of value to an audited pecuniary statement (Mautz and Sharaf, 1961). However, recent account scandals, involving corporations such(prenominal) as Enron in the US, HIH Insurance in Australia have cast doubt over the independence of auditors and overall value of auditing.These legislative interventions however have occurred notwithstanding limited and mixed empirical eviden ce of these proposed threats to auditor independence. Furthermore, some basic questions underlying this debate remain unresolved. For example, What factors influence a companys decision to purchase NAS from its incumbent auditor?2The provision of NAS reduces investors judgments of auditor independence, audit quality and the attractiveness of the smashed investment but not their auditor knowledge or financial statement reliability judgment. This assignment have consider two areas of literature which relating the theories and model of auditor independence. It also relevance on NAS found in reliable professional, regulatory frameworks, reviewed and summarized original theoretical and empirical studies but have excluded commentaries and opinion.The Big Five audit firms (Ernst Young, Arthur Anderson, Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoppers and KPMG) charger higher audit fees for initial engagement. It has prediction that where audit fees are disclosed publicly. The audit firms lower their audit fees to accept new clients when they also provide more lucrative non audit services. It is no actual evil of audit independence despite the loss of perceive independence of the Big 5 firms.The provision of NAS by audit firms for their audit clients are popular in the current market and continuous debate over auditor independence. NAS may include consulting service such as systems design, compliance-related service, taxation, book-keeping or other services relating to the accountancy records or financial statement of the audit client financial information systems design and implementation actuarial service privileged audit outsourcing service prudence functions or human resources dealer and investment advisorThe emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing NAS to their audit clients. The fees generated by NAS have been rising more quickly than audit fees. This has led to widespread beliefs that provision of NAS can cause th e auditors to agree their independence. There are two main concerns which auditors may not stand up to anxiety because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in warinesss gift. Second provision of service to management may lead the auditor to indentify too closely with management and lose skepticism.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows Contains the background and literature review Develops the hypotheses and research questions, Contains the conclusions.Background and Literature ReviewAuditor must represent independence in mental attitude in all matter relating to the assignment which stated by Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). Independence auditors furnish vital boldness that the financial statement have been examined by an objective, impartial and skilled professional? (SEC 2000,p.2). It look as a risk continue rather than an dogmatic and judgment about the seriousness of the threat to independence are balance against the eff ectiveness of the safeguards available.Independence maintained by dint of external constraints (e.g, legislation and regulation) or through the profession itself which maintain the independence to preserve its market value (Kinney 1999). It appears uncertain of auditor ability to accept client pressure and emphasizing the effect of the frugal interest. Its calls that consulting services as the tail that wags the dog? in the score industry (Investment New Article, Nov 20, 2000).The SEC announce the new rule that the auditor independence unavoidable to disclosure the audit fee in their proxy statement, the total fees billed for services rendered by the principal accountant (the external audit firm) disaggregated into three categories as audit services, information technology services and all other services. It reveals that nearly all firm purchase non audit services from their audit firm to their audit client.Although the spoiled 5 auditing firm continue to maintain their indepen dence is not impaired by these services , recently problems at Enron, WorldCom and other public firm brought write up and auditing concerns to the attention of Congress and the public. Newly passed legislation prohibits NAS, including financial information services and internal auditing services (Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002).Non audit services (NAS) are specify as all services provided by an auditor that are not considered as an audit. The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) reduce the number of non audit services that an auditor are required pre-approval by the audit committee of such extended engagement (Rouse, 2005).Most banned services related to consulting or advisory services that magnate construct conflict of interests for independent auditors (Banham, 2003). The banned non audit services include1. Book-keeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client. The auditor is considered not independent when he provides book-keeping services for audit client. It involves with an inherent conflict of interest, and auditor should examine accounting records or financial statements prepared appropriate.2. familiar audit outsourcing services under generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of internal temper system over financial reporting, to create another example of conflict of interest. For example, Arthur Anderson provided the internal control function for Enron, before it was banned by 2000 SEC rule, and was blamed for not improving Enrons ineffective control system.3. Expert services orthogonal to audit providing an expert opinion or other expert service for audit client to advocating an audit client interests in litigation, regulatory, administrative proceeding and investigation.4. Design and implementation of accounting information systems its creating inherent conflict of interest as an auditor is required to evaluate the effectiveness of accounting system in designed or implemented. Installing a computerized accounting system for client was immensely popular consulting services in many big accounting firms.5. Management functions acting temporarily or permanently, as acquireor, officer, employee of an audit client in causeing any decision making, supervisory or ongoing monitoring function for audit client.These services can provide by the incumbent audit firm or external audit firm. This research on auditor independence under these conditions identifies the following issues. The provision NAS likely lead to a lack of actual independence and therefore lead to audit failure.Hypotheses and searchOne of the major public concerns which emerged from the Enron collapse has been the extent to which audit firms are providing non audit services (NAS) to their audit clients.In 1997, Enron engaged Arthur Andersen as its External Auditor. Subsequently, Enron ordained Arthur Anderson as consultant also. Enron paid Andersen $52 million in 2000 i n both auditing and consulting services including development of computerized financial system for conducting Enrons internal audit, but volume for consulting services. There have been many criticize about the potential conflict of interest faced by audit firms who received large consultancy fees from their audit client (e.g. Financial time 2001a). Its expressed about how auditor with a statutory responsibility to company shareholders can handle a commercial relationship with the companys management and remain impartial (e.g. financial Times, 2001b).Andersen leaders responded by pushing partners to become salesman, its to up prepareting the delicate balancing act any auditor must perform between a client and looking out for the public investor. Peoples have forgotten their significant responsibility not only to clients but also to investor, creditors and the public, etceteraThese issues by attacking the specific symptoms of the audit breakdown that occurred in the Enron Case? (Gav ious, 2007,pg458), Arthur Anderson whose Enron client found to have encouraged clients to use accounting techniques to mislead and snitch the market (Gavious,2007). Enron select to use a method of fair value accounting that misleading, overstated profits in the current period. These accounting techniques were employed by Enron on the advice of Arthur Anderson and it was the employment of these techniques that ultimately led to the organisations collapse (Benston, 2006) . Due to IT and other frauds which investors lost confidence in market (Crasewell, 1999).Its beliefs that provision of NAS cause the auditors to compromise their independence. Andersen has been severely criticised for significant frugal and its independence has been questioned form two point of view significant economic dependence on Enron due to the party designing accounting and tax structures, and therefore it could not express an objective view on Enrons results.The two main concerns are auditor may not stand up to management because they wish to retain the additional income from NAS which is in management gift, and second the provision of a range of services to management may lead the auditor to identify too closely with management and lose skepticism. Thus, auditor independence is fundamental to public confidence in the audit process and reliability of auditor report.However, the problem facing the auditing profession is not a lack of actual independence and objectivity rather it is the lack of confidence in financial statements. unexclusive confidence in a companys financial statements will only be achieved by companies remaining completely separate to their audit firms (Ronen and Cherny,2002). Thereby increasing the auditors perceived independence.While Chartered engagement of KPMG as its external auditor to perform non audit services which management must consider the actual, perceived and potential electric shock upon the independence of external audit prior to engaging external audit to undertake any non audit services.Chartered have established the Audit charge of the Supervisory Board (Audit Committee.) to oversight of Companys financial position. Its responsible to supervising the operation of the internal risk management and control system, codes of conduct, compliance with recommendation and observation of internal and external auditor.In contrast, audit committee of Chartered have to consider whether the provision of such non audit services is compatible with maintaining the external auditors independence, by obtaining assurance and confirmation that the additional services provided by external auditor are not in conflict with the audit process.The audit committee has authority in independent audit are to be-approved with information sufficient to enable Audit Committee to know as follows the precisely what services it is being asked to pre-approved, know that any non audit service to be performed is a permissible non audit service made a well-re asoned assessment of the impact of the proposed service on the auditor independence.The external auditors are prohibited from providing specified non audit service contemporaneously with providing audit services to Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, including- bookkeeping or services related to accounting records or financial statements financial information system design and implementation internal audit outsourcing services legal services an expert service unrelated to the auditAudit committee has clarified and added further prohibited activities for the external auditor. By focus of the importance of Audit Committee in control and wield the activities of the external auditors. This section, Audit Committee is the plans to strengthen the independence accountants are truly independence thus and will give greater credibility to audits.In this research, Enron should have formed an audit committee to oversight the company and prevent any fraud which collapse to bankruptcy whic h compare with Chartered, although the audit firm provide non audit services, but they have a stronger and capability audit committee to oversight the company financial position.ConclusionIn the debate on auditor independence, the commencement exercise matter that is usually raised is the provision of non audit services to audit client.To be able to perform their task of providing independence and objective assurance to shareholders, auditor must act independently. It is argued that by providing non-audit services to the audit client, the auditors independence and objectivity is impaired.In term of codes of ethics all over the world, it is not only requirement for auditors to be independence, but there is also a need for auditors to be seen to be independent, and even a perception of a conflict can compromise his or her position. It behooves the auditor therefore never to get into such a situation.If one examines the research, there is little empirical evidence that proves that th e provision of non audit services actually impairs independence, but one must concede that it is difficult to prove. Recent corporate failures have brought this issue very much under the spotlight again. As a profession, we should not underestimate the public feeling and the strong view held by governments on this issue.The rule of fundamentally change the way auditing profession does its transaction as followingFundamental shift in regulating accounting industry from the primarily self-regulated environment to public regulation approach.A new set of independence rules and regulations affects the accounting profession directly in performing audit engagement.A new independent public oversight board now has the direct authority to police audit process, auditing standards, and disciplinary measure on auditors, includingregistering public accounting firms that issue audit report for publicly(trade companies),establishing auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other stand ards relating to the preparation of audit reportsconducting inspections of registered public accounting firmsconducting investigations and disciplinary proceeding and imposing appropriate sanctions on audit firms and auditors.An independent oversight board (IOB) set up by Andersen in the US , after the Enron problems emerged but before the firm collapsed, recommended that some consulting services provided by the firm should be separated into partnerships managed independently form audit partners and without financial independence to audit clients. Recommendation was strengthen of internal quality control over auditing thought out the firm.Beside this its create an independent regulatory oversight performance for accounting industry. Now no truly independent agency with the authority, power or will to enforce penalties against illegal. While the Public Oversight Board was a nominally independent private body that set standards for the industrys self-regulatory schemes, it was never truly independent. The finding comes from the America Institute of Certified Public Accountants.Thus, in summary I conclude that since such evidence as there is indicates that there is no correlation between levels of non-audit fee and audit failure, comprehensive safeguards are already applied, and nonindulgent separation of non-audit services seems likely to increase the cost and reduce the quality of the audit, the suggestion should not be pursued. Assuming no undue overall economic dependence results from the auditor/client relationship and adequate safeguards can be implemented, we believe that companies themselves should determine whether they use auditors for non audit services, in consultation with the professions guidelines.References1. Enron profile ready(prenominal) at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron2. Ashbaugh, H.,R.LaFond,and B.Mayhew.2003. Do non-auidt services compromise auditor independence? Further evidence. The Accounting Review 78 611-639.

Examining The Changing Media Scene In India Media Essay

Examining The Changing Media Scene In India Media EssayINTRODUCTIONThe media scene in India is changing very fast, especially in the past decade. On one hand, new media are emerging and affecting the existing ones. On the other hand, the role patterns of the media users are also undergoing a lot of transformations. Post independence, the development of media was rather slow and un elicit. For twenty five years after independence, the growth of media such as print, cinema and radio followed a gradual and uneventful path, progressing slowly and steadily. Pressures of urbanization, growing literacy and development in applied science did not affect the media signifi toilettetly. The scenario was such a worrying one that neither inter nor intra- media disceptation existed. This obviously translated into the fact that there was no strategy or planning on the division of the media. Essentially media trade itself was an alien concept for to the highest degree of the wordpaper owners and the sole television operator Doordarshan.The first strains of change on this static environment were observed in the earlier eighties. These changes were introduced finished technology the development of grafting techniques in press and in electronics. The implications were two fold. On the first level, the reach of media was expanded and on the second level, the sight were given more choice. Introduction of glossies among print titles, the expansion of the television network, establishing a radio commercial channel suddenly made life more exciting and entertaining for the vast majority of the urbanites. It was now, for the first time, that audiences were getting segmented by the titles introduced, new markets were opening up and a large number of people were coming under the media exposure. Another interesting fact during this time was the development of a new relationship between the media and the audiences.Media patterns changed once again when sponsored programs on tele vision became a regular feature. This initiative, along with the development and popularity of home videos changed the entire equation. deal stopped frequenting cinemas, since the same films were conveniently avail able at home. Magazine readership also declined in advance of videos. Television, however, maintained its regular set of smashers during the period. It became a veritable obsession with the people. Programs such as the Mahabharat and the Ramayan were the opium of the cudes. Now, television delivered important audience segments such as women, the inelegant affluent and children. At about the same time, easy access to technology and developing markets pushed publishers to add on new editions as well as supplements.THE world-wide BEGINNINGAnother change in the media environment came with the Invasion of the Skies in the early nineties. Satellite television found its way into India through CNN and the Star mesh topology during the Gulf War. The monopoly of Doordarshan came to an end and there were multiple channels, giving the Indian viewer a choice of programs he had never been exposed to before. This, needless to say, introduced heavy contest among the channels and thus the programs contents also im proved.Finally, Doordarshan had to deal with the fact that it was not the king of the skies any more for the first time in India, the television viewer had the choice of deciding what to watch from oer 50 channels. Faced with heavy competition, it had to revamp and introduce new channels in the metros and in regional areas. The competition became intense even within the satellite television players with the influx of regional channels and more and more inter internal quality programming. It was realized that only those players who can adopt a market-savvy, strategic approach to unlikeiate their programming from the rest shall be able survive the media jungle.Developments in receiving set technologies and their decreasing costs confirm created opp ortunities for faster deployment of telecommunications services. This speed is critical for developing countries especially in countrified areas, as the role of telecommunications in development is more significant for them. The uptake of wireless technologies has been rapid in most developing countries. For the most part, these acquire been cellular networks that operate in the licensed bands. The unparalleled growth of mobile service (operating in licensed bands) in almost all countries of the world has been driven by both technology as well as deregulation. While the rapid dispersed of such networks is unprecedented, it has so far been limited to urban and semi-urban areas.Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) It is considered to be one of the biggest techno-social communication experiments in raising and plain development. The one-year experiment (August 1975 July 1976) aimed to provide direct broadcasting of instructional and educational television in 2400 villages in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. Over 500 conventional television sets circularize over 335 villages in Kheda district, Gujarat was also part of SITE. Satellite technologists had called SITE asleapfrogging from bullock cart stage to satellite communication, which did not discriminate between artless low and urban rich for information and communication. It had given 50 years communication lead to rural poor of the country. SITE provided telecast for rural uncreated school children in the age group 5 12 years studying in grades 1-5. Rural adults viewed television programs on improved agricultural practices, wellness and family planning. They were also able to view news. Television was considered as window to the world. Both quantitative (survey) and qualitative in-depth (anthropological holistic study) evaluation indicated modest gains in some areas, whereas no gain or negative gain in other areas. The one-year dur ation was thought to be too little for any positive results. establish on the experiences and positive gains, INSAT satellite was launched in 1981. Since then a series of INSAT satellites have been launched and used for nationwide television telecast for education and development. The sad part is that, in spite of best efforts, satellite television has been used for entertainment more than rural development.The other research says that access to satellite TV is of move value to the lives of rural Indian women and villagers in general. instill enrolment among girls, family planning, hygiene, awareness about diseases and many more such milestones have been achieved by the electronic media. The saucily wired women also has become less accepting of spousal abuse, a bias in favor of having boys declined, and they look more likely to be able to spend money without a husbands permission. However, shows on satellite TV tend to focus on urban areas, where womens status is higher and are sh own leading extravagant lifestyles. The rural people are not able to associate with those programs and shows. Customization as per rural needs has recently begun and has been appreciated even by the urban crowd. People are getting exposed to a set of attitudes that are more liberal, that are more favorable toward women, and they are changing their minds in response to that. budge is inevitable. Government has taken initiatives to start many such programs to generate awareness, some ran for years, others could never come out of papers and the rest bombed after the take off. some ensure initiatives wereProjectProject PartnersOutcomesCountry wide classroomsUGC, CEC and 17 other universities where media centers are located10,000 programs produced and telecast on National TV till seasonSchool Television in IndiaCIET and 6 state Institutes of Educational TechnologyPrograms produced and run on national TV till dateGyan DarshanHRD, IB, Prasar Bharti, IGNOUThe program runs 24 hrs and is handled by IGNOUGyan VaniReached out to backward communities, distant education and counselingNamma Dhwani (voices)UNESCOEducational and development oriented informal programsGujarat Community RadioKutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan, DMC, AhmedabadNon- formal education and social issues, esp. for womenJhabua Development Communication ProgramISOR, GoMPLiteracy, health and non- formal education, watershed managementRADIO AS A MEDIUMRadio, as a mass medium, is particularly suited to communicate in the local dialect and idiom, thereby establishing a personal connection between the broadcaster and the listener. That has not, however, been achieved in India because of the bureaucratic choke hold on radio. Development, as a process meant to empower the poor, reduce exploitation, and oppression by those having economic, social, and political power. It also means an equitable sharing of resources, improved health care and education for all. One of the major components and driving force of rural development is communication. Conventionally, communication includes electronic media, human communication now information technology (IT). All forms of communications have dominated the development scene in which its persuasive role has been most dominant within the democratic political framework of the country. Persuasive communication for rural development has been given highest priority for bringing about desirable social and behavioral change among the most vulnerable rural poor and women. Initially, the approach lacked gender sensitivity and empathy of the communicators and development agents who came from urban elite homes. Added to these constraints is political will that still influences the pace and progress of rural development. Communication has been seen by a large number of development planners as a panacea for solving major social ills and problems. Apart from development, the introduction of communication in the educational process for open and distance learning is seen as step towards improving the quality of education and bridging the social and educational gap (Agrawal 1993). However, experience indicates that those rich who could brook to have access to private resources have hogged the advantage whether development or education. In this respect, it seems that communication technology has, in no way has supported the poor for improving their socio-economic condition.ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR)India presents huge challenges to any broadcasting institution that aspires to serve the consentaneous nation. All India Radio (AIR), the state-run monopoly, was expected to take these challenges on and help build a modern nation state with an egalitarian social democracy. Approximately 303 news bulletins are aired daily, of which 93 are intended for national listeners, whereas regional stations originate 135 news bulletins daily. In addition, there are special bulletins on sports, youth, and other major events, such as the yearbook Haj to Mecca by Mus lims or the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. More than 80 stations in the AIR network broadcast radio dramas in various languages. 40 percent of the broadcast time, however, is set aside for classical, light, folk, and film music. The External Service, set up to act as a cultural ambassador, airs 65 news bulletins in 16 foreign and eight Indian languages. In addition, magazine programs on sports and literature talk shows on sociopolitical-economic issues and classical, folk, and modern Indian music from different regions of the country are broadcast. But the results have not been that healthy, the reasons being many folds. AIRs heavily bureaucratic ways have been the major impediment to figure and creativity. In a highly pluralistic society with incredible linguistic, caste, and class differences, AIR has attempted not to offend any group. Controversial social and residential area welfare issues take a back seat while popular film music dominates. Regional language radio stations beam pr ograms to the whole state in a formal dialect, which renders it stiff and official. As a consequence, most people find AIR boring.Radio for Rural Development popularly known as Radio Farm Forum, it was one of the earliest efforts in the use of radio for rural development. The experiment was carried out from February to April 1956 in five districts of Maharashtra maintain by All India Radio (AIR). Rural listener groups were organized, who would listen to radio broadcasts twice a week at 6.30 p.m. for half an hour. The group then stayed together for discussion of what they had heard, the discussion lasted usually, about half an hour. The summative impact evaluation indicated positive outcome of radio rural forum. Impressive knowledge gains as a result of radio listening were reported across illiterates and literates, agriculturists and non-agriculturists, village leaders and others. However, over a period of time the project withered away and could not be operationalized for large-s cale implementation in one form or the other. Lack of political will and indifference of bureaucracy killed the rural development project even before it could help poor to take advantage of radio broadcast.Satellite radio for educationEDUSAT, according to the Indian Space Research arranging (ISRO), is the first exclusive satellite for serving the educational sector. The satellite has multiple regional beams covering different parts of India, which theoretically enables programs to be broadcast in relevant local languages EDUSAT can provide connectivity to schools, colleges and higher levels of education and also support non-formal education including developmental communication. But it is a matter of concern that, over a year after the satellite was launched, much of its capacity is lying idle.Community Radio Initiative In post media liberalization phase, Government of India, announce the policy for community radio broadcasting which was expected to focus on issues relating to edu cation, health, environment, agriculture, rural and community development. In the absence of true community radio in India, a number of NGOs are using innovative methods for non-formal education through audio.School Audio through cable has been in operation in Budhikote village, Karnataka, since January 2002. The School Audio project is a spin-off of the Namma Dhwani cable audio service.In the Kutch region of Gujarat, the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS), an independent organization of rural women, focuses on callow girls education, basic functional literacy within sangathan members and development of context specific educational curricula on different issues for literates and neo-literates.Shivpuri, MP launched a radio station, Dharkan 107.8 FM, to give educational messages through humor featuring Ms. Adivasi as a difficult mother-in-law arguing against exclusive breastfeeding.Vandana Dube, the stations first manager, helps to produce programs on hygiene, health and the importa nce of education. She said that listening groups, which have formed throughout the district, are having a major impact. In particular, more women are now contributing to important debates on caste discrimination, distaff foeticide and female empowerment issues that concern them directly.UNICEF ImageCONCLUSIONThere is no single ideal format for educational radio. Innovative programming offers some very trenchant approaches to non-formal education over radio. Recently, AIR agreed to a proposal from Sesame Workshop India to provide airtime on national and regional radio channels for topically produced versions of the universally popular Sesame Street. The programs would be aimed at pre-school goers, and would also provide under-served children with access to educational media, especially in rural areas. All the same, it has been amply proved that radio rightly used can improve educational quality and relevance, lower educational costs and improve access to education, particularly for disadvantaged groups. It is most effective when supported by trained facilitators, group learning, group discussion, feedback and the use of multimedia approaches.

Organisation structure of the bakhresa group of companies

Organisation organize of the bakhresa congregation of companiesIdentify the strand of organisation social makeup and regeneration draw near used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the 2 which one is more suit fit to grounding and why?How bed Bakhresa Group manage the tension amidst the choose for creative thinking and efficiency?Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa Group.Explain the rudimentary singular roles indoors the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa Group.How did Bakhresa Group establish innovative environs that distributes the virtuous circle of innovation? Explain its features.This is a case study analysis report of the Bakhresa Group of companies of Tanzania, with peculiar(a) focus of its innovation focal point that led it to achieve a remarkable growth and grocery leadership in the coun campaig n and beyond.Bakhresa Group is one of the leading Industrial Houses in Tanzania, East Africa. Started in a humble manner with a smaller restaurant in the Port City of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in mid-s even soties, it has now emerged as a respected business group in the Region. The Group has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Ma lawfulnessi, and Zambia and most recently in Mozambique. Plans are in place to spread its wings to other countries. The group now boasts of a turnover rate of more than Three Hundred Million United Sates Dollars and is a proud employer of more than two thousand employees associated directly. There are several companies under its comprehensive and have investments mainly in Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate.The study will analyse the role of organisation structure, the organisational characteristics in general and individual roles that propagate and facilitate innovative environment in spite of appeara nce the Bakhresa group and how successfully they have managed it.The analysis is based on the hand-out knowledge about the group prepared for this purpose, as well as the Bakhresa Group website (2010). intimately of the concepts and theories that precedes each item of analysis are based on the textbook by Paul Trott- insertion Management and raw(a)-fangled product Development -4th Edition (2008) others textbooks and websites have been used to complement the mentioned references.This report starts by providing background information about the group, regarding its organisations products and services in section one. To be followed by five sections one for each analysis item, that is organisation structure and innovation, managing the tension between the need for efficiency and creativity, organisational characteristics that facilitate innovation, the key individual roles within the innovation process and establishing an innovative environment that propagate virtuous circle.BACKGROU NDBAKHRESA GROUP OF COMPANIES TANZANIABakhresa Group is composed of Said Salim Bakhresa Co.s, Bakhresa Food Products ltd and large collection of other companies of various industries such(prenominal) as transport and logistics and real-estate. The group started in 1980s and ever since it has steadily been expanding its borders from Tanzania to the neighbouring countries and has been gaining a lot of market force over time. The group currently operates in the Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda, Mozambique, Zambia and ZanzibarMissionTo increase and sustain the living standards of Africans by providing them with essential products and services of global quality at affordable prices.To exceed customers expectations by dint of innovation and harnessing engineering.VisionTo be one of the internationally respected and professionally managed companies in the African Continent.To spread our wings to the other parts of the globe.Their values complicate passion for success, commitment to stakeholder s and employees as well as mutual trust and social responsibility.Figure 1. Subsidiaries companies under Bakhresa GroupSource (Bakhresa.com 2010)In the Bakhresa Group, the institution is tempered as an instrument for achieving established goals, in which the members of the organization are make to serve these goals and rewards are given to motivate them. The organization structure contributes to the dominance of the technology-push pretending of innovation.On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires st cogency and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group withal necessitate to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it need to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be time- tried and developed.The channel of communication is extremely structured, there is limit information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for finish is based on formal make manag ement pose and the management is reluctant to hold to changing circumstances.The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long- limit growth rather than short- survive profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-run development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities.The Bakhresa Group engages commercial scanner, gatekeeper and project leader and sponsor to facilitate the innovation process.The Bakhresa Group, given the importance of innovation, has spent enormous sums of money trying to develop an environment that fosters innovation. The Bakhresa Group is aware of developing a reputation for innovation which helps propagate a virtuous circle that reinforces Groups abilities.The Bakhresa Group has established companies dealing with variety of products from manufacturing of Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate and has become a market leader because of innovation and entrepreneurship.Figure 2 below shows a vari ety of products/ services offered by the Bakhresa group.Source (Bakhresa.com 2010)The new and different product added to the list of achievements marks the creative thinking abilities and adds to value, and enhance the competitive edge of the company. For example, the launching of state of the art packaging industries for food and beverage products as well as the technological advancement on the telecommunication via satellites.1. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES AND INNOVATIONIdentify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why? placemental StructuresOrganizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure whitethorn be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assume responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure. In an organization of any size or complexness, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. (Referenceforbusiness 2010)InnovationInnovation is the act of developing a new process or product and introducing it to the market. It is essentially an entrepreneurial act, whether it takes place in a start-up firm, a large organization, a not-for-profit, or a public-sector agency. Innovation means change sometimes radical change, such as the development of the computer, and sometimes incremental change, such as the fitting of existing computer software (Referenceforbusiness 2010)Innovation is the act of introducing something new or doing something in a different way. I nnovation in business differs from creativity in that the latter is generally associated with the generation of new ideas. In contrast, innovation refers to taking those new ideas and actually implementing them in the marketplace. Thus, creativity is simply one element of the innovation process through and through which new ideas lead to new products, procedures, or services. Business scholars often prop company success to innovation. Because of growinginternational competition,innovation became even more vital for companies toward the end of the 20th century (Referenceforbusiness 2010)Organizational Structures and InnovationThe structure of an organization is the sum total of ways in which it divides its labour into obvious tasks and then achieves coordination among them. One of the problems is recognizing that different groups within an organization behave differently and interact with different parts of the wider external environment. None the less, there have been numerous use ful studies exploring the link between the organizational structure and innovative performance. (Trott 2008)Organizational structures can be sorted between organic and mechanistic. Organizational cultural also plays a big role when implementing change. Some resistance forces we are likely to encounter are within our organization. Once the organizational structure and cultural attribute is determined then the designing process can begin.Organic and mechanistic are on different ends of the spectrum. In contingency theory, the term organic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to promote flexibility so that employees can initiate change and adapt quickly to changing conditions (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). This compromising structure is more like a team environment in which all the employees are able to handle any of the tasks. In contingency theory, the term mechanistic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to induce employees to behave in predictable, accountable ways (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). All of the employees working in a mechanistic structure have assigned duties that they must perform and are prohibited to take on additional duties unless they are told so by management.(associated content 2010)Through their Theory of Mechanistic and Organic Systems, Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker (1961) have submitd a way to understand which organization forms fit to limited circumstances of change or stability. In their highly influential work The Management of Innovation, they provide the following characteristics of Mechanic vs. Organic SystemsMechanistic vs Organic Organization StructureMechanistic Organization Form / Management SystemOrganic Organization Form / Management SystemAppropriate ConditionsStableChanging dispersion of tasksSpecialized differentiation of functional tasks into which the problems and tasks facing a concern as a whole are broken downContributive nature of special ex perience and experience to the common task of the concernNature of Individual taskThe abstract nature of each individual task, which is pursued with techniques and purposes more or less distinct from those of the concern as a whole i.e., the functionaries tend to pursue the technical improvements of means, rather than the accomplishment of the ends of the concernThe realistic nature of the individual task, which is seen as set by the total situation of the concernWho (re)defines tasksThe reconciliation, for each level in the hierarchy, of these distinct performances by the immediate superiors, who are also, in turn, responsible for seeing that each is relevant in his own special part of the main taskThe adjustment and continual redefinition of individual tasks through interaction with others childbed scopeThe precise definition of rights and obligations and technical methods attached to each functional roleThe shedding of responsibility as a limited field of rights, obligations and methods (problems may not be posted upwards, downwards or sideways as being someone elses responsibility)How is task conformance ensuredThe translation of rights and obligations and methods into the responsibilities of a functional positionThe spread of commitment to the concern beyond any technical definitionStructure of catch, authority and communicationHierarchic, ContractualNetwork, Presumed Community of InterestLocating of experienceReinforcement of the hierarchic structure by the location of knowledge of actualities exclusively at the top of the hierarchy, where the final reconciliation of distinct tasks and assessment of relevance is madeOmniscience no longer imputed to the head of the concern knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now may be hardened anywhere in the networkCommunication between members of concernVertical i.e., between superior and subordinateLateral i.e., between people of different rank, resembling reference book rather th an commandGovernance for operations and working behaviorInstructions and decisions issued by superiorsInformation and advice rather than instructions and decisionsValuesInsistence on the true to the concern and obedience to superiors as a condition of membershipCommitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion is more highly treasured than loyalty and obediencePrestigeGreater importance and prestige attaching to internal (local) than to general (cosmopolitan) knowledge, experience, and skillImportance and prestige attach to affiliations and expertise valid in the industrial and technical and commercial milieux external to the firmIt is evident that among the two organisation structures, the Organic one is more suitable for promoting and fostering innovation within an organization as it encourages creativity has values of Commitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion that mostly requ ires creativeness and new innovations allow excuse flow of communication and flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstancesThe Bakhresa group seems to follow the Mechanistic organization structure, because their channel of communication is highly structured, there is restricted information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line management position and the management is reluctant to adapt to changing circumstances.Mechanistic organization structure tends to offer a less suitable environment for managing the creativity and the innovation process. Because of its degree of formalisation, centralisation, Size and complexity of its organisation, formalizationThere is some evidence of an inverse relationship between formalization and innovation. That is an increase in formalization of procedures will result in a ailment in innovative bodily function.ComplexityWhere these are several different type of professional group s are working in an organization, it would represent a complex organizationCentralisationIt refers to the decision making activity and the location of power within an organization. In a decentralized organization fewer levels of hierarchy are unremarkably required This tends to lead to more responsive decision making closer to the action.Organisational SizeA small business with fewer employees differs significantly on impairment of resources from an organization which is big size is a proxy variable for more meaningful dimensions such as economic and organization resources, including number of employees. (Trott 2010)MANAGEMENT group BOARD OF DIRECTORS STRUCTUREChairman, Bakhresa Group of Companies express SALIM AWADH BAKHRESA is the founding father and the Chairman of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies. He is a well-known industrialist in the mainland of Tanzania and island of Zanzibar. With a humble arising as a small restaurateur in seventies, he created the business empire with in a span of three decades. He is the mastermind butt end the success of all the businesses within the group. His vision and excellent managerial skills contributed to the growth of this group to dandy heights.Executive Director of SS Bakhresa Co. ltdMOHAMED SAID BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain mill (Uganda) special(a) and is the Executive Director Of Said Salim Bakhresa Company Limited. He is also holding Director-Ship in most of the Group Companies. Mr Mohamed is a graduate in finance, law and accounting from Southbank University, United Kingdom. He is a well-known industrialist in Uganda and Tanzania and is successfully managing Bakhresa Grain Milling (Uganda) Limited, which is the largest wheat milling industry in Uganda. Mr Mohamed is also actively involved in the policy decision making process of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies.Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling ltdABUBAKAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling (Malawi) Limited and Bakhresa Grain Milling (Mozambique) Limitada. He also acts as Executive Director of Said Salim Bakhresa Co. Ltd. Mr. Abubakar has done his B.Sc in Business Administration, majoring in Finance from Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA. He is primarily involved in the wheat milling businesses of the Group and looks after the wheat procurement for the Group.Executive Director of Logistic Division of Bakhressa GroupOMAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA, a Mechanical Engineer, is the Executive Director in charge of the Logisitic Division of Said Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd. He has over a decade of experience in logistics transportation industry.Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products LtdYUSUF SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products Limited and is holding Director-Ship in other Group Companies. He is actively involved in the twenty-four hours to day operations of Bakhresa Food Products, which is based in Tanzania and is successfully managing its operations.Senior ManagementEach Group Company/Division is professionally managed by a full complement of local/expatriate managers having expertise in their respective fields.Regardless of the mechanistic structure in use by the Bakhresa Group, its great achievements are obviously due to its continuous innovation in new products and new markets. One can conclude that due to the large size and complexity organisation of the Group as a whole, it is necessary to apply the centralisation and formalisation. But the style of operations and management at the subsidiary companies level may be allowing real flexibility that is promoting creativity and innovation.2. MANAGING THE TENSION BETWEEN THE NEED FOR CREATIVITY AND EFFICIENCYHow can Bakhresa Group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency?The Dilemma of Innovation ManagementWithin virtually all organizations there is a fundamental tension between the need for stability and the need for creativity. On the one hand, companies require stability and static routines to accomplish daily tasks efficiently and quickly. This enables the organization to compete today. For example processing of millions of cheques by banks each day or delivery of food and beverage products by multiples to their retail outlets all over the country by the Bakhresa Food Products Ltd, demands high levels of efficiency and control.On the other hand, companies also need to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in the future. Hence they need to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. This poses one of the most fundamental problems for management today. That is managing the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency.Efficiency gainsThe efficient day to day operations within an organization require stable routines which can be achieved in stable and controlled environmentsThe development of new products/services requires creativity and room to try out new idea s this is achieved in a loose and flexible environmentCreativity gainsTake any medium to large company and examine its operations and activities. Every company has to ensure that their products are carefully manufactured to precise specifications and that they are delivered for customers on time day after day. In this hectic, repetitive and highly organized environment, the need to squeeze out any slack or inefficiencies is crucial to ensure a firms costs are lower than their competitors. However the long-term economic growth is dependent on the ability of firms to make improvements to products and manufacturing processes. This means that the firms need to make room for creativity and innovation, that is, allow slack in the system. present then is the plight how do firms try to reduce costs and slack to improve competitiveness on the one hand and then try to provide slack for innovation on the other? The firm has to do balancing The firm needs to ensure there is a constant pressur e to fight down costs and improve efficiency in its operations. At the same time it needs to provide room for new product development and improvements to be made the most obvious way forward is to separate production from R D. However there are many improvements and innovations that arise out of the operations of the firm.On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires stability and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group also needs to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it needs to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed.The Bakhresa group has shown that it can utilely manage this tension by the way it has been producing new and innovative products, while also managing to efficiently distribute its food products end-to-end the region.The diversification of the industry by entering into new businesses that support or complement existing businesses, such as ma nufacturing of packaging products by the Omar Packaging industries, as well as diversification of product range in the juice factories at the same time the Group timely deliveries through its wide dissemination network and logistic system shows that the Bakhresa Group well manages the tension between the need for need for creativity and efficiency.The group can do better management of this tension by ensuring that there is just enough slack at the subsidiaries or functional organisational level to foster creativity, but have stringent control at the higher management level of the Group to maintain its efficiency. Because this higher management which is the board of director of the group is the one that oversees the cross functional coaction and integration of the various units that collaborate or complement each other in achieving its missions. For example the need to have frequent ferries to Zanzibar, so that fresh breads and ice-cream could be delivered on time.3. ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT FACILITATE THE INNOVATION PROCESSDiscuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa GroupOrganizational Characteristics that Facilitate the Innovation subroutineThe innovation process is complex in nature as it involves the relationship between the stimulus, capacity and performance of such innovation. This complex relationship need to be nurtured by favourable characteristics of the organisation such as growth orientation, vigilance, commitment to technology, acceptance of risk, cross functional cooperation, receptivity, slack, adaptability and diverse range of skills.Growth OrientationThis is characterized by a commitment to long-term growth rather than short-term profit. Not all companies first and foremost objective is growth. Some companies are established barely to exploit a short-term opportunity, other companies would like to maintain the company at its existing size the objective of innovative compa nies is to grow the business the actively plan for the long-term.VigilanceIt is characterized by the ability of the organization to be aware of its threats and opportunities. Vigilance requires continual external scanning e.g. within the merchandising function the activity would form part of market research and competitor analysis. Collecting valuable information is one thing, but relaying it to the necessary individuals and acting on it are two necessary associated requirements. An open communication system will help facilitate thisCommitment to TechnologyIt is characterized by the willingness to invest in the long-term development of technology. Most innovative firms exhibit patience in permitting ideas to geminate and develop overtime. These needs to be accompanied by a commitment to resources in terms of intellect input without a long-term approach it would be extremely difficult for the company to attract good scientists.Acceptance of riskAcceptance of risk is characterized by the willingness to include risky opportunities in a balanced portfolio. It means the willingness to consider carefully risky opportunities. Ability to take calculated risks and include them in a balanced portfolio of projects.Cross-functional CooperationIt is characterized by mutual respect among individuals and a willingness to work together crossways functions. Inter-departmental conflict is a well-documented barrier to innovation. Often conflict has been observed between marketing and RD functions as the two groups often have very different interests.ReceptivityIt is characterized by the ability to be aware of, to identify and take effective advantage of externally developed technology. Most technology based innovations involve a combination of several different technologies. It would be unusual for all the technology to be developed in house. That is why business are witnessing an increasing number of joint ventures and alliances.SlackIt is characterized by an ability to manag e the innovation dilemma and provide room for creativity while organizations place a great emphasis on the need for efficiency, there is also a need for a certain amount of slack to allow individuals room to think, experiment, discuss ideas and be creative.AdaptabilityIt is characterized by a readiness to accept change. The development of new product innovations will invariably lead to disruptions to established organizational activities. Major or radical innovations may result in significant changes, although the two are not needs linked. The organization must be ready to accept change in the way it manages its internal activities. Otherwise proposed innovations would be stifled due to a waver to alter existing ways of working or to learn new techniques.Diverse Range of SkillsIt is characterized by a combination of specialization and diversity of knowledge and skills organizations require individuals of a hybrid nature who are able to understand a variety of technical subjects an d facilitate the transfer of knowledge within the company. It is the ability of the organization to manage this diversity of knowledge skills effectively that lies at the heart of the innovation process.The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities.The Bakhresa group is heavily investing in its profitable companies such as those of grain mills, by purchasing newer and higher capacity plants, as well as by expanding into new markets abroad. They have bought and renovated grain mills in Malawi, and build a new one in Uganda and Rwanda.Bakhresa group is vigilant on its environment, and has been able to capture emerging opportunities of privatisation programmes in Tanzania and elsewhere (Malawi) to start businesses. Has been able to capture the interest of International financing partners to start a busin ess at the port of Nacala in Mozambique.The group is investing in latest technologies across all the industries its operating, it has purchased new plants and mills from Italy and Sweden, it has ordered brand new ferry boats from Australia. Its communication company SatAfrik ltd is utilising latest satellite, GPS and GSM technologies and it effectively support its transport and logistics companies.The group has whole Cross-functional Cooperation because most of the companies were established with a view to integrate with the existing companies and businesses. Packaging company was established to support grain mills and food products, transport and logistics companies to run efficient distribution and suppliesBakhresa group has good receptivity of technologies developed in other areas such as Europe and Australia. It provides some amount of slack for creativity behaviour although it does not easily adapt to changing environment.The group shows the diverse range of skills from its to p management to the other members of functional areas. It has business management experts, engineers, logistics, marketing and great sales force.4. KEY INDIVIDUAL ROLES WITHIN THE INNOVATION PROCESSExplain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa GroupThe Role of the individual in the innovation ProcessInnovation process is essentially a people process and that organizational structure, formal decision making processes, delegation of authority and other formal aspects of a so-called well-run company are not necessary conditions for successful technological innovation. The study of Rubenstein has revealed that certain individuals had fulfilled a variety of roles that had contributed to successful technological innovation. (Trott 2010)GATEKEEPERSThese people collect and channel information about changes in the technical environment. They stay current with events and ideas through personal contacts, professional meetings, an d news media. When gatekeepers find relevant information, they send it to the appropriate person or unit for follow up.IDEA GENERATORSThis role involves analysis of information about new technologies, products, or procedures in order to yield a new idea for the company. The fresh idea may be innovative resultant role to an existing problem in product or business development or the identification of a new marketplace opportunity.CHAMPIONSChampions advocate and push for the new idea. This role involves obtaining and applying the resources and staff to demonstrate the ideas feasibility. Champions are concerned about results, not risk, and do not spend time studying the consequences of failure. Their mission is to remove obstacles. pop MANAGERSSomeone has to draw up schedules and budgets arrange periodic information session and status reports coordinate labour,

Assyrian Warfare :: essays research papers fc

Assyrian WarfareDuring Mesopotamian times, wars were what split up ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were champion of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was thither ever a time without conflict of some sort.The Assyrians were known to gift a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest eye East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself hoped the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would all in allow them to be interpreted up and carried away to foreign spheres. His promise is explained in Isaiah 526-29. It reads, He allow whistle to them from the end of the earth Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one allow for slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the th rash about of their sandals be broken Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent Their horses hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver. Israels rebellion angered God and it light-emitting diode to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out.Why were the Assyrians at war so frequently? is a possible question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyeball the answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much magnification took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an evoke policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They estimate that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them.Assyrian Warfare essays research papers fc Assyrian WarfareDuring Mesopotamian times, wars were what divided ruling periods. There were many different peoples that dominated Ancient Mesopotamia and the Assyrians were one of them. The Assyrians prospered mainly because of their divine talent to defensively resist and offensively overwhelm their enemies. At no point of Assyrian rule was there ever a time without conflict of some sort.The Assyrians were known to have a powerful, ruthless army. The army was the largest Middle East or Mediterranean fighting force that had ever been seen. It is believed that God himself promised the Israelites that if they disobeyed Him he would allow them to be taken up and carried away to foreign lands. His promise is explained in Isaiah 526-29. It reads, He will whistle to them from the end of the earth Surely they shall come with speed, swiftly. No one weary or stumble among them No one will slumber or sleep Nor will the belt on their loins be loosed, Nor the strap of their sandals be broken Whose arrows are sharp, And all their bows bent Their horses hooves will seem like flint, And their wheels like whirlwind. Their roaring will be like a lion, They will roar like young lions Yes, they will roar And lay hold of the prey They will carry it away safely, And no one will deliver. Israels rebellion angered God and it led to war with the invincible Assyrians. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was wiped out.Why were the Assyrians at war so much? is a likely question to arise when discussing these people. And in my eyes th e answer is simple. For land and power. The map of the beginning of the Assyrian empire compared to the end of the Assyrian empire shows great difference. It is obvious that much expansion took place during this rule. Like the Chinese Han dynasty, there was an explosion of territory growth in the Assyrian time period. Not being able to control all the land and people was the Hans weakness and led to their downfall. The Assyrians had an interesting policy that eliminated this problem. They would deport defeated nations and led them to captive lands. This would destroy the individuals sense of nationalism and would cause them to be much more willing to submit to Assyrian rule. They figured that the less people would resist, the less problem they would have with their captives and it worked well for them.

Html and How it Works :: Essays Papers

Html and How it WorksThere are almost 300,000 Aborigines in Australia. About 34,500 live in Sydney.There is debate about when Aborigines migrated to Australia from Papua sassy Guinea and the Indonesian archipelagone. There is evidence of occupation about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. The earliest archaeological evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the Sydney area is 15,000 years ago at Emu Plains in Sydneys west.Captain Cook guessed that the population of Aborigines for all of Australia would have been about 150,000. Recent estimates are that the Aboriginal population was about 750,000 in 1788. Governor Phillip guessed that there were no more that 1500 Aborigines living in the Sydney area. The first official census of Aborigines did not take place until 1971. Aboriginal people passim the Sydney area identified themselves more strongly as members of smaller clans or bands. There were an estimated 29 different bands liming in the Sydney area, and between seven and eleven found near th e shares of Sydney Harbour and the nearby coast. Each band had approximately fifty members.The general collection of beliefs is known as the Dreaming. The Dreaming not only explains the erstwhile(prenominal) and how the present came to be, further also prescribes codes of conduct for important events.When Arthur Phillip was given his instructions from the British government before the First Fleet sailed, he was not instructed to discuss or enter into treaties with the Aborigines for the use of purchase of land. To Europeans, self-command or title to land depended on working or cultivating it. Cook had observed on his locomote on the Endeavour that Aborigines did not work or improve the land, so that it was terra nullius, and therefore able to be claimed by the British government. The official instructions from the King, however, logical Phillip to treat the Aborigines in a conciliatory fashion and that any wrongdoing towards them was to be punished.The critical difference bet ween European and Aboriginal notions of land possession and ownership was that, for the Aborigines, there was no conception of the right of an individual to hold property to the exclusion of everyone else. For the colonists, there was no conception of anything else. Aborigines were closely connected to the land, but in a wider and more collective sense, not in the personal legalistic manner land was possessed in European society. From the outset, the stage was set for a fundamental and irreconcilable clash between cultures, which would soon impoverish the lives of Australias indigenous people.