Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

Nursing is an occupation that work with people of all ages, cultural background and lifestyle to help them accomplish the highest level of care possible. They play an important role in society as well as in economy since they are the ones that provide care to people with illness and not capable to take care of themselves. Recent studies demonstrate that population of nurses is declining and hospitals are desperately struggling to keep hold of their current nurses. Shortages in nurses are definitely shocking , given that the evolving population require skilled nurses to take of them throughout their desperate times. A nursing shortage is determined when the amount of nurses being retired and the amount of nurses entering the nursing field is not the equivalent. Nurses educate people to support and sustain their own wellness and to avoid illness. Research studies have shown that majority of US citizen are overweight, and unhealthy. This study demonstrates major cause to promote more to enter nursing field since there are so many diseases on the rise like obesity cause people to have diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pleasure, and other harmful qualities, cancer, heart attacks etc. If rate of nurses keep dropping, patients would have to wait longer to treatment and there will be lot of patients that are being admitted in the hospital. People with severe conditions will have to wait for long time before the nurses can attend them, which could result in either death or other serious condition since most of the operations that saves a person’s life happens in a millisecond. A second can mean life or death to the patient’s existence. Nurse turnover is the description given to nurses that quit, or terminated from nursing industry over the nurses that join it (Huber, 2010). High standards, hard labor, major skills, and high education are various factors that cause nurse turnover to increase over the past few years. This paper will be focusing over the causes of nurse turn over and solution to resolve issue from a leader’s stance than a manager’s point of view. Comparing and Contrasting the Approach of Nursing and Manger Nurses and a supervising manager make up the essence of every nursing association. The manager is in charge and is given the opportunity to make a difference in the work environment. The managers have many goals, including directing, teaching, and encouraging the nurses and staff. By doing this, those under the manager can achieve more on a professional level, while being satisfied with their career. Even though the managers might not have much of a status in certain hospitals and work environments, they still strive to encourage and influence critical settlements. A manager must always be supportive of the nurses and staff. There are some work environments where the managers always provide help and advice. It is very difficult for nurses to stay in the field and work when their manager does not show respect or satisfaction towards their efforts. Thus, the manager must not only be responsible for critical decision making, but the happiness and motivation of the employees. Even though the nurses are in charge of their patients, the manager is the one who overlooks both the patients, nurses, and staff. To be a nursing leader, one must direct the nurses, employees, and other staff members throughout all situations. Their personality must be one that is knowledgeable, strict and fair. They must be able to lead others, take care of monetary issues, and talk with different types of people. Nursing leaders must also have great people skills. This includes taking with fellow employees and overcoming language obstacles. An important example is conducting interview sessions with different types of people and being able to make conclusions on their personalities, as well as grading the individual based on their ethical values. A nursing leader should also be able to provide an enjoyable territory in a difficult environment. This can be completed by organizing and arranging everything from budget costs to special occasions. In this way, a nurse can have something to look forward to after they have finished taking care of their patient. The nursing leader can also help raise money to help those around them by hosting fundraisers. By advocating the study of nursing, a nursing leader can conserve the nurses and staff in the work environment. They can promote the career of nursing to the younger generation. For example, there have been recent articles discussing problems between the United States of America and Syria. If there is a possibility of a war, the United States must have many nurses to help with the crisis. Thus, promoting the nursing career is crucial because it will be very beneficial. One way this can be completed is by having the nursing manager step up as a role model to the younger generation. Another possibility is to publicize the career to those who are still studying in college with undeclared majors. Personal and Professional Beliefs of Nursing Nursing is a profession that concentrates on the desires of others and taking care of patients that need professional care. Nurses are believed to provide holistic care for the patients as it is the finest method to heal a patient quicker. Nurses deserve respect for the work they perform on a daily basis basis. Over the past few years, media have been demonstrating false illustration of nurses. The famous TV series known as Gray’s Anatomy is a perfect example of the misleading ideas about hardworking nurses. Even though its purpose is to entertain people, people take it seriously. As by the writer the best to contradict the declining rates of nurse turnover is to prove good leadership skills, people skills, financial skills, and quality care skills. Conclusion Over the past few years the number of nurse turnover has amplified. As we all know, nurses play an significant role in culture, physically mentally and financially in the United States as well as in other countries. Hospital and clinics are trying hard to hold onto their nurses because the number of nurses joining the medical field is declining. In order to convey more people to enter medical field, one must educate the rising students about the benefits about being a nurse and how they affect the society. Another technique is using advertisement to as way to encourage people to enter medical field. Using these strategy, it can help the medical field increase population of nurses. Reference Huber, D.L., (2010). Leadership and Nursing Care Management, (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders, 092009, retrieved from http://www.gcu.edu Steven T. Hunt, (2009) Nursing Turnover: Costs, Causes, & Solutions, Success factors for Healthcare retrieved from www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/handouts/LHHS%20081312%20NursingTurnover.pdf View as multi-pages

Research Evaluation Tables Essay

Through this study, Henri intended to determine whether dynamism in performance measurement systems was appropriate for any change an organization underwent, or if there were circumstances where revision to the performance measurement systems were not needed.  Henri also intended to determine if the link between dynamic performance measurement systems and the performance of an organization were contingent on a level of internal or external change. The third goal of this study was to add additional data on this subject to the scant body of research available on the dynamism of performance measurement systems. | Research Methods| Henri used quantitative/confirmatory analysis in this study. Henri used a mail survey to gather data. The survey used seven point Likery-type scales to assess changes to the performance measurement systems, to determine innovativeness and learning orientation of the organization and organizational performance. All of the tools used in the questionnaire were validated in advance. | Audience| Henri focused this study on two main audiences. The first was to provide information to manager, executives, and professionals charged with running organizations. Henri also intended to add additional research for managerial accounting literature. | Research Evaluation| The researchers in this study used Likert Scale questions to assess performance measurement at the organization. Likert Scales are frequently used when a researcher wants to measure attitudes about a certain topic (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). The researchers also demonstrated the validity of the study by having experts in the field test the instrument in three different groups and provide feedback (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). One problem with this study was the response rate was only 24 percent which increases the risks of bias in the study (Bowling, 2005). This study is written to cover the topic of how performance measurement should change, and when, which is a practical topics for managers to review. The overall conclusion of this study found organizations willing to periodically review performance measures have better overall organizational performance. This information would be beneficial to my agency because we use performance measures to make decisions in the organization. Evaluating performance measures to ensure they are still applicable to our work will allow us to adjust performance measures to increase overall organizational performance. McCoy and Kinyua completed a cross-sectional study reviewing General Find disbursements over a 12-month period. McCoy and Kinyua chose to look at funding instead of expenditures because they determined it was more accurate and completed. The researchers looked at the population of the countries, the income levels, government funding and also funding sources to identify countries in need of disbursements from the Global Fund more than others. The data was all collected from spreadsheets that were found on the Global Fund website. The date was prepared and present in text, tables and charts. | Audience| This study was intended for executives and decision makers linked to the Global Fund, government officials, donors and health care professionals in the countries receiving money from the Global Fund. | Research Evaluation| This study took the information from public documents located on the Global Fund website. The complete information could be analyzed and because it was factual information and not interview data there were fewer opportunities for bias in the data (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). The esearchers in this study followed the process of quantitative data analysis (Plano Clark & Criswell, 2010). A significant problem with this study and the recommendations are the external factors in each country which guide leaders in how they decide to spend funds obtained. Each country is different and many of the countries served have had documented corruption problems which could influence the reliabilit y of the information. This information and process used is useful for the policy makers the study was intended for, but for practical management it is not specific in making recommendations for changes. This process could be used in more practical ways if the planning led to gathering data specific to the situation. The process of determining how to disburse funds depending on need could be useful in my organization. We have a fund to provide financial assistance to patients that are not able to pay for services. Looking at this study, it is important that we develop some methods to determine need based on other funding sources to more objectively determine funding.

Unit 2 IPIntroduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 2 IPIntroduction to American Court System - Essay Example risdiction is the power provided to the court that it can only hear cases which are brought to the court, or the cases which the court has been limited to, not anything else. Subject matter jurisdiction limits the power of the court so that it can only hear cases which the laws of jurisdiction permit it to. (Subject matter jurisdiction) Personal jurisdiction allows the court to make decisions against or in favor of people who are involved in the case. Every court in a state can exercise personal jurisdiction over the people who live in that state, but not on people who belong to some other state. Therefore, courts cannot implement authority beyond their territories. The government allows the court to pass judgment to all residents of the state and also to those who have been away from the state for a brief period. Residents of other states, who have been in the state for a short period, are also answerable to the court. Moreover, a court which has jurisdiction in a state, also have authority over companies who have opened their offices in that state. The corporations are required to take permission from the court before they can continue their business in that area. The criteria of ‘minimum contacts’ differs in every case. In situations where the case involves a defendant’s contact with the state, the number of contacts required to form personal jurisdiction may be less. If a non-resident in a state does something wrong, the court of the state then, in order to protect its residents, can authorize personal jurisdiction on that person. (Personal Jurisdiction in Federal Courts) Although the courts are allowed to practice personal jurisdiction, there are certain laws, statutory and constitutional, which limit the power of the courts. Because of statutory restrictions, the court should examine the state law to ensure whether it can properly implement personal jurisdiction or not. However, there are three types of personal jurisdiction: Firstly, In Personam

Quiz Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Quiz - Coursework Example The girls, on the other hand, who display more masculine traits, are considered abnormal in the society as they do contrary to the expectation of their gender (Butler, 2011). It is this gender construction that leads to the stratification of the society where the men are placed at a higher hierarchy and the women automatically below them (Butler, 2011). This explains why the disparities exist between men and women today. Since the women are expected to be passive, calm and considerate, the men have taken over them, with very few women taking up positions that are considered prestigious. The prestigious jobs have long been left for the men. From the stated arguments, it is, therefore, warranted to conclude that gender identity is not natural but constructed by the society. The existence of evil along side a good and omnipotent God can be explained philosophically. According to the research of Clarke (2002), the omnipotent God has the ability to see all the actions that humans take part in. This involves both the good and the wrong deeds that humans do. However, it is vital to consider that evil exists because the omnipotent God gives the human beings the will and authority to do what they wish, whether good or evil. The author continues to argue that God continually advocates for good deeds (Clarke, 2002). Nonetheless, it is evident that some humans are inclined on the wrong side despite there being an omnipotent God. For these persons who do the wrong things, God takes charge of them and ensures that they suffer all the consequences of their wrong deeds (Clarke, 2002). This validates the aspect that God is omnipotent and always creates a balance between good and evil. On another note, it is also evident that God’s power goes beyond the normal world as justice is always executed by the omnipotent God. From these facts, it is evident that

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example berg (Saadi, 2010), cooperation with Threadless Company gave Dell possibility to be closer to its customers as such art fitted consumers of Dell products. The co called crowdsourcing is also known business model which such companies as Mars and Ben & Jerry used within their strategies. Thus, Mars has launched the global contest in order to choose the new color of M&Ms. Ben & Jerry lineup added Primary Berry Graham. If to consider firm performance regarding customer satisfaction, Ngobo (n.d.) considers that in service sectors, firm-specific effects are more important than the industry effects as it is more difficult to imitate in the customized service industries. Within the strategic management, firm effects capture variation in strategies and performance outcomes throughout industries and firms (Mauri & Michaels, 1998). The three levels of strategy, the corporate, business and functional should be paid equal attention by an organization as it enables the firm to determine its long-term direction within the external environment, meet the stakeholders’ expectations and take care of its operations (Barnes, 2007). The firm should understand where it is in business, what it should acquire or divest, how to compete in this business and with what mission, determine its strategic objectives and resources managed in the function. Despite the different length, content, format and specificity if a mission statement, it should be informative and clear, inspire employees and all organizational stakeholders. Academicians consider (David, et al., 2014) that effective mission statement includes components directed toward customers, products or services, markets, technology, environmental concerns, philosophy, concern about society, employees and self- concept. Within the modern business world, it is important for an organization to understand the external environment in order to align it with the strategies which lead to a firm’s ability to remain sustainable in the

HOW TO FIND A GOOD SOURCE FOR RESEARCH PAPER Essay

HOW TO FIND A GOOD SOURCE FOR RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example As Belk (72) argued, primary research sources offer credible evidence that is produced in the historical period under investigation and relates to the actual findings of the researcher. Therefore, the best criterion in choosing a research source is determining whether the source is a primary or secondary source. Moreover, Levy and Ellis (181) noted that methodological reviews of past literature are an important undertaking in research. Methodological reviews are systematic research findings of what has been covered in the past and are critical in initiating a new research. As such, using studies with such methodological reviews would ensure the researcher stands a better place to formulate a new research armed with ample knowledge of what has been done before. Therefore, studies with methodological reviews are some of the best sources to choose before undertaking any research paper. Moreover, the date of publication of a research source may affect the quality of the source used in re search papers. However, the need to seek recent sources depends on the topic of study. Recent studies have updated and current findings, which might be a good basis to formulate a research paper (Perdue Owl, 2013). For instance, when undertaking a research paper on technology, choosing the most current source guarantees crucial information about the current technology, which may not be found in a source published one or two years

Role and Status of Women in 19th & 20th Century Western Cultures Essay

Role and Status of Women in 19th & 20th Century Western Cultures - Essay Example Since human nature does not allow the imposition of restrictions and confinements in any way, they always raise the revolt against the norms and values that are challenging freedom of their thought and action. As a result, elucidation of the challenges experienced by the women folk has also been one of the most imperative issues in the works created by the late nineteenth and twentieth-century authors, poets, and social scientists alike. The same is also applied to the short story under the title â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1899, the story under-investigation served as one of the masterpieces of the above-mentioned author. The story concentrates on the exploitation of the women at the hands of the male-influenced nineteenth-century Western society by portraying their vulnerability at domestic and social scales partly because of the discrimination widely observed by the male members. The story revolves around the narrator, who equally ser ves to be the protagonist-character of the short story, and describes her confinement into a small apartment of the hereditary mansion (1) for the last several years to which she views to be the haunted house (1). The confinement she observes has been inflicted upon her by her husband John, to whom he views to be the physician. Somehow, the protagonist ridicules over John’s being a physician, for he is such an incompetent professional that he is unable to diagnose her health problem as well as to recommend proper treatment. On the contrary, he has just imprisoned her into a room instead of making wise steps for her complete convalescence from her purported nervous depression leading to the ultimate mental retardation has been suggested by John. The walls of the room she is bound to stay the long summer have been covered with the yellow wallpaper, which does not allow the narrator to bring a second thought in her mind other than thinking of the wallpaper from dawn to dusk. Hen ce, instead of entering into interaction with her natural and social environment and getting involved into different domestic chores, which must be congenial and beneficial for her health, she remains viewing the yellow wallpaper that has been suggested to be supportive for her recovery (2). The protagonist remaining restricted to one single thought does not reflect her profound inclinations towards the same; on the contrary, since she does not have anything other than the wallpaper to look at, her keeping it as her focus point could be viewed to be the Hobson’s choice for her in life actually. As a result, the story elucidates the miserable plight of a 19th-century woman of America, which had been imprisoned within the four walls of domestic life, and had least opportunities of having encounters with the natural and social phenomena altogether. The narrator admits being getting rude towards John out of sheer anger, which is, according to her spouse, an outcome of her nervous breakdown; though the same may actually be the reflection of her being isolated from the members of her family and society as well. In other terms, John’s keeping her into the state of loneliness and isolation has resulted in her getting intolerant and annoyed towards others.  The protagonist views her spouse to be caring and loving, and takes care of her and their baby, though she seldom acknowledges his services, and hence feel basely ungrateful not to value it more (2-3).        

Teenage Pregnancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Assignment Example ned the differences of youths who are school going in the urban minority and faced with the possibility of teen pregnancy, how teen pregnancies affect academics and the approaches that the schools can use in addressing the problem (Basch, 2011). The author emphasizes that there is a lot of pressure that comes from teen pregnancy in influencing the outcomes of education among teens. There are reported high cases of teen pregnancy especially among the urban minority youth. According to the research carried out school, based programs can be of help in equipping the teens with skills and knowledge the need to be able to postpone sex to later time in life, to practice safe sex, to avoid unwanted pregnancies, and incase one becomes pregnant to go on and pursue education. There is an added advantage of the sex education in schools since the youth are protected from HIV and other infections, which can be spread amongst the youth as they engage in sex (Basch, 2011). The author carried out a research to have an overview on teenage pregnancy and realized that almost a third of teen females in the U.S get pregnant and once pregnant they face the risk of getting pregnant again. Compared to other western countries the author argues that in the U.S teenage pregnancies are high. When teens give birth especially when it is not intended they are highly affected and it can be extended to the children they get. The minority youth have higher teen pregnancy cases than the white youths. Teen pregnancies affect education, health, and social aspects of children (Basch, 2011). Teens that get pregnant are likely not to continue with their education. Those who continue with their education face several obstacles such that their performance is highly affected. From research, it is clear that children who are born to teen mothers are likely to become teen parents too. The research shows that children born to teen mothers are likely to become teen mothers since they probably live in

Bailout of Cyprus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bailout of Cyprus - Research Paper Example The two banks lost more than 2.3 billion Euros on Greek sovereign bond, which they asked the state to fill in their regulatory capital (Telegraph, 2012). In addition, Cyprus’ economy had been described as a â€Å"Casino economy.† In other words, the country has a banking sector much larger than the country’s gross domestic product. This has been said to be negligence in following the banking rules, making everyone else vulnerable to such economic crisis (Erlanger & Kanter, 2013). Another major problem according to Erlanger & Kanter that led to Cyprus economic crisis is the threat by Euro zone countries to confiscated significant part of the savings of Cypriot banks’ depositors. The result was that large depositors and ordinary savers in such banks were uncertain about their savings. The private sector was therefore more reluctant to steer more funding to financial institutions in trouble as in the case of Cyprus, which increased the need for the country to look for a bailout from the European Central Bank. Cyprus problems also emanated from the country’s wage bill which as analysts explain is the highest in the Eurozone, implying the country similar to Greece has a lavish life where their GDP is much less than their net expenditure. Cyprus bailout has attracted differing views from policy makers and economists. The bailout has been described as a major victory from Eurozone hardliners such as Germany. The hardliners have over the time made it clear that countries only qualify to be rescued in case they acknowledge and do penance of their past mismanagement as would be determined by their rescuers (Erlanger & Kanter, 2013). The argument is that such bailout will have a higher public support for the euro and demand for greater prudence from other countries. However, the critics of the bailout explain the entire arrangements were haphazardly carried out to an extent that it â€Å"underscored the chaotic nature of European decision making more than

Aesthetics of Knowledge Maps Essay Example for Free

Aesthetics of Knowledge Maps Essay If â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words†, what is the worth of each word? Does the value of the aesthetic decrease through this transition? The human brain is trained to believe that there is a word to describe aesthetic, being able to put a label or description on all of this information. Why must we even classify a photo’s meaning through the written language? Visual information cannot be fully described through language or non-visual semiotic systems, because it is irreducible. Information is an artistic and aesthetic concept; to understand our world we must include the notion of information and how we as humans can make a representation of the world in our minds. Visual artifacts contain information. We store information visually, we analyze information through a visual means, and we understand information better when it is represented visually. The word ‘tree’ represents a tree as an aesthetic, an encompassing notion versus a specific image of a singular tree. There is a broader spectrum for understanding when something is visual. Depending of what language you speak, the framework of our semantic foundation, the meaning of a word varies drastically. People that speak different languages all see something in a photograph or painting and could tell you what it is they see, but the differences in our semantic thinking, language of words classifying information, will make it different. When a human is in early development stages as a child, the first initial way to communicate for them is visual information. Before children learn to read and write they draw, watch television, look at picture books. Then they are given teachings of communicating visuals to word. During the Paleolithic Period, 40,000–8,000 BCE, nomadic people painted in caves as a wondrous early way of communication, sharing information with others. An incredible example is the Hall of Bulls in the Lasceux Caves located in France in 15,000 BCE. These humans could not read or write and yet the visual information they represented with these paintings is breathtaking. They didn’t need 1,000 words to describe what they saw until the information age. Stories throughout time have been told naturally with visual information. Information has a history, yet unlike regular history, it is unbound by Euclidian space. It is not a physical being that has but one description. However, now information is all put into word. Without an extensive vocabulary there is little chance you could ever be able to express notions as clearly as if you were to simply communicate with visuals. Reliance on visual’s word to form the structure of all of our communication means thinking; visualizing information and mapping thought processes. Knowledge deals with matter of facts; laws of nature and society deal with energy processes and determine knowledge and facts. Information is prior to laws and knowledge; information is structured, relational, stored and transmitted, aesthetic. Information is configurations, organization and formalization. Mapping concepts structures our knowledge and makes us able to generate hypotheses. The organization of thoughts and concepts in this way brings the opportunity of serendipitously learning.

Heinz Kohuts Theories and Practice

Heinz Kohuts Theories and Practice Heinz Kohut: The Man and His Work Although not as well known as his contemporary Sigmund Freud, Heinz Kohut is equally famous among his peers for his exploration of narcissism and the client’s need for empathy and understanding from his or her therapist. The aim of this paper is to describe the theory and practice of Heinz Kohut and his influence over the author’s practice, both describing the psychological mechanisms that drove Kohut to this line of thinking along with brief vignettes of the author’s own psychobiography that led her to include some of his theory into her work with clients. Usually, far more is known about a psychoanalyst’s work than about his life or persona. Scholars have found it useful to examine the life of a theorist to gain insight into how he may have come to the conclusions he had, especially as there is currently no grand unified theory of therapy. In one of Kohut’s biographies, Siegel (1996) described him as a walking contradiction that has more than a healthy dose of self-love. â€Å"Kohut seemed a strange mixture of aloof, aristocratic and almost puritanical austerity in a warmly responsive and considerate person. He was a very private person and was careful how he let himself appear in public. I never saw him sloppily dressed and I know that he corrected and edited his writings again and again before he was satisfied to release them for publication. He was properly discreet about his health and few of his friends knew that during the last decade of his life he was suffering from a chronic leukaemia in remission. Long before the contemporary popularity of exercise and jogging, Kohut ran, not jogged, his prescribed miles several times a week. He ate sparingly to maintain a trim figure.† Another biographer described him as someone with a profound zest for life that often ‘enraged people or hurt them badly with his intense narcissism (Strozier 2004, p. 12). Perhaps he noticed these traits quite strongly in himself which is why he became fixated on creating a theory of development with narcissism at the core. As a perfectionist, he carefully controlled how others would perceive himself as Siegel stated above. This fastidiousness may have stemmed from his personal history. As the child of two German Jews living under the sword of Damocles that was Adolf Hitler, and the German Imperium of the early twentieth century, the family had to assimilate as best as they possibly could into the society. Europe had long been hostile toward the Jewish Diaspora and conformity was a matter of life and death. Thus, there is a need to develop two selves: the public self and the private self. According to Strozier’s biography, in addition to his legal name, he also had a sep arate name to be used within the confines of his religious community (2004). His further study of the development of narcissism originated in the wholesale rejection of the academic community when he sought to begin his didactic analysis, in order to eventually become a psychoanalyst. The committee cited his narcissism as a bar to entry but his biographer noted that there were several narcissistic psychoanalysts in the 1940’s and suggested that his rejection may have been linked to his rather unorthodox sexual practices (Strozier 2004). In the time that he flourished, he and a few of his contemporaries placed a strong emphasis on the importance of the therapist’s relationship with the client. First is the premise of non-defensiveness. The adoption of an open posture enables the clients to open up and speak freely without fear of being rejected or humiliated, even if the client should express reservations about the therapist herself (Kahn 1997). Although this is extremely difficult to achieve in practice because therapists, like the general population, have ‘sore spots’ and strong value systems that they usually defend quite vigorously. However, once the therapist learns non-defensiveness, the client would feel comfortable speaking about any issue because she feels that her therapist would unconditionally support her. In early psychoanalysis, taking such a humanistic stance was seen as a bold move as psychoanalysts were careful to cultivate a detached, observational role—ensuring a noticeab le emotional distance between therapist and patient. Especially obvious, was the notion of authority—that because the therapist was the expert, his interpretation (as most psychoanalysts at the time were male) was unquestionably correct in the mind of the patient. Kohut fell into the trap himself until he finally stopped and listened to an especially difficult client. In his notes, he writes: I was inclined to argue with the patient about the correctness of my interpretations and to suspect the presence of stubborn hidden resistances†¦For a long time I insisted†¦ that the patient’s reproaches related to specific transference fantasies and wishes on the Oedipal level†¦She became [even more] violently angry, and furiously accused me of undermining her†¦and†¦wrecking her analysis (Kohut qt. Kahn 1997, p. 89). As it turned out, those so-called resistances were his client’s attempts to communicate the reality of her childhood and being constantly misunderstood and ignored. This breakthrough could not have come until Kohut stopped offering interpretations and started to truly hear where she was coming from. While this was one of his more important breakthroughs in the practice of modern therapy, his theory of on the development of the self had drawn many admirers and critics, as he views the development of narcissism with the growth of the self as one-and-the-same. However, a healthy sense of self-love is necessary to flourish, many psychologists and lay-people view narcissism as a pathological elevation of the self at the expense of others at worst, or at best a defence-mechanism against low-self esteem. On Self-Psychology According to Kohut, the grandiose self is the ‘child’s second attempt to regain the lost blissful state by creating a sense of perfection within the self. In this effort, all imperfection is assigned to the world outside’ (Siegel 1996, p. 86). For a child’s psyche, this is a survival mechanism as acknowledging imperfection or flaws within the self causes tremendous amount of psychic pain. This was especially true for one of my clients. Over time, we discovered that she could only feel worthy of respect by projecting this ‘grandiose self’-image’ of success and invincibility—not because she necessarily believes she is superior to others, but because she fears rejection by her peers and contempt from her subordinates should people discover who she really was. According to Kohut, clinging to the grandiose self usually happens if a child’s primary caretaker is not very empathic or the child has been exposed trauma at this time ( Siegel 2006). Part of her therapy includes discovering who this self is. Because she had constructed several layers of false identity, she does not know who she is, as her self-concept was buried in shame, humiliation, and neglect. Most of the patients in the author’s work have exhibited signs of an ‘injured grandiose self’, which necessitated a heavy emphasis on empathy and a mirror-transference over the course of treatment. Applying the Theory: A Case Study For the sake of privacy, no one’s name would be released, so this paper will refer to the author’s client as Nadia. She had been in therapy for several weeks because she had experienced a series of unfortunate events, which made her reflect further upon her life. Her relationships have unhealthy patterns where a suitor would appear to put her on a pedestal during the courtship phase and then when things became settled, she would break off the relationship in search of the next man that would make her feel as special. She has lapsed into a deep depression because her life had taken a course other than what she had envisioned her ‘destiny’ would entail with respect to her career and acquiring certain status symbols (i.e. house and nice car). She withdrew from family and friends not able to face the humiliation that comes with life’s setbacks, partially because she would always speak of how wonderful her life was. Meeting her own expectations and those of her family had become a compulsion as it served to validate her existence and her superiority over others that were somewhat less driven. The author’s role in the interaction is small, but significant. With patients such as Nadia, it is just necessary to listen and establish a sense of twinship—that is, cultivate the feeling that she and I are very similar, having very similar expectations of life. Initially, those seeking therapy are searching for someone to validate them and human nature being what it is, they will not feel understood by someone that seems drastically different confiding in those that are most like themselves, but this tendency is even more pronounced in the narcissist. The client must feel that it is all right to share her feelings; because she is certain that they would be understood unconditionally. According to Kohut, in the mirror/alter-ego transference: â€Å"The patient experiences you as like himself; his thoughts seem to be present in you also, and what’s going on in him he feels is going on in you too. When he feels distant, you are distant from him too. When he is enr aged, he feels you are enraged too† (Kohut, Tolpin Topin, 1996, p. 34). Intriguingly enough, narcissism often provides the patient an unparalleled degree of connectedness as she views the other as an extension of herself and loves her because she loves herself. Conversely, she may hate her therapist because she may reflect back aspects of herself that she does not like. Sometimes, when the client no longer views the therapist as a mirror-object, but another person, the therapy sessions would end because she would no longer take any narcissistic pleasure in understanding herself, however that separation may signal the beginning of deeper changes to come. According to Kohut, once the client becomes subconsciously aware that the therapist and client are two separate entities, she proceeds to narcissistic projection—where she projects aspects of herself unto the therapist (Kohut, Tolpin Tolpin 1996). The therapist then must work through the reasons why her client is sendi ng forth those particular emotions and then encourage her to reflect upon her emotions and the events of the past that brought them out and caused the client to project those emotions onto her, whether those emotions are positive or negative. Reflections To a small extent, the therapist must attempt to keep this interest in play as long as possible for significant change to occur. That does not necessarily mean that a client will be cured—in fact, a cure may not be desirable because narcissism is often necessary for life in the competitive, individualistic cultures of Western nations. This is not a rare practice for psychotherapists to control how they are perceived by their clients, as it is often necessary to project an image of competence as well as physical and mental health in order to increase credibility with them. However, there is the danger of seeming intimidating and unapproachable because clients usually cannot relate to someone that seems perfectly conscientious and undisturbed by the world at all times. They need a mirror to reflect and validate a more empowered version of their self-images. This is where empathy becomes all the more significant in practice. The therapist must always maintain her image as a compe tent professional, but she should be able to convey that she is capable of putting herself into another’s situation and then helping her clients from a position of strength. Biography Greenberg, J.R. Mitchell, S.A. (1983), Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Kahn, M. (1997), Between Therapist and Client: The New Relationship. New York, NY: Henry Holt Company, LLC Kohut, H., Tolpin, P., Tolpin, M. (1996), Heinz Kohut: The Chicago Institute Lectures, Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press Siegel, A.M. (1996), Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self, London: Routledge Strozier, C.B. (2004), Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst, Chicago, IL: Farrar, Straus Giroux, LLC

Bob Marley Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Bob Marley is a name most people know but his accomplishments and dedication to music is often overlooked. Bob was more than just a reggae artist, he was an inspiration to the country of Jamaica. He was a role model to the poverty stricken island and gave hope to many people. Bob was born on February 6, 1945 in his grandfather's house. He was the son of a poor farm girl and a British naval Captain. Soon after his birth Bob's father, Norval Marley, left his mother. He remained responsible and provided financial support and occasionally came back to see them. In the 50's a depression hit Jamaica and Bob followed his mother to West Kingston also known as Trenchtown. It was in Trenchtown were Bob's love for music began. Bob Marley's music has given people everywhere hope for a better tomorrow. His life and involvement with the Rastafarian movement left an impact on the world that is still felt today. He sang of peace speaking out against slavery, poverty, and oppression. His philosophy was to send a message through his music that all people are equal and should unite together to make this world a much better place for our future generation. "Every man gotta right to decide his own destiny"(Stephens 2). When Bob Marley said this he was referring to the battle with the Americans and the Indians of the west, where slaves from Africa were forced to fight. He wrote the song "Buffalo Soldier" as a tribute to the injustice of the war. They were brought to America and forced to fight against the Native American Indians. The Indians called them buffalo soldiers because their hair was tightly woven and to them, it resembled the curly and matted buffalo's coat. In the line "Stolen from Africa, brought to America Fighting on arrival, figh... ...y never gave up on his goal for world peace. The point of many of these songs were that you will never loose until you give up your fight. If everyone gave up on the things they were doing once they had failed then where would the world be today? If the U.S. had surrendered in our first world war when one soldier was shot down would we have our great country today? No, we wouldn't because no one gets anywhere when they give up. No one has anything when they give up just another failure to write in their book of history that will most likely not be remembered. All of our great leaders had to try more than once to get what they fought for. Like George Washington fought for freedom for years and when he got it he was known as a great leader to America and it's future generations. Maybe if the world were like Bob Marley we could be further into the future than we are now.

America Needs the Death Penalty Essay -- pro capital punishment essays

In 1973 Author Shawcross was convicted of raping and murdering two children in upstate New York; however, after serving 15 years Shawcross was paroled in 1988. In a horrific 21-month killing spree, Shawcross took 11 more lives. That is 11 innocent people who would be alive today had justice been served (Pataki, Deterrent 2). With the topic of the death penalty comes a lot of controversy which is rooted from questions like: is the death penalty cruel and unusual punishment, is it helpful in crime control, is proper representation applied to these cases, and should reform be applied in the areas of crimes punishable and methods? Although some people argue that the death penalty is inhumane and against human rights, crime rates could be lowered through the use and reform of the death penalty. Since the 1700’s forms of the death penalty have been used for one reason or another, but today some disagree with this judicial practice. The death penalty is the ultimate punishment imposed for murder or other capital offenses, and in Alabama a capital offense is murder with eighteen aggravating factors. In 1972 the Supreme Court moved away from abolition, holding that â€Å"the punishment of death does not invariably violate the constitution† (Bedau, Case against 2). Since 1900, in this country, there have been on the average more than four cases each year in which an entirely innocent person was convicted of murder (Bedau 7) and because of these startling numbers people are against capital punishment. It is a horrible reality to convict an innocent person of a crime and even worse to put this person on death row. There are even more horrific stories, like the one of Roger Keith Coleman, who was executed in Virginia despite widely pu... ... Death Penalty† American Civil Liberties Union Ed. Michael Wood. July 1992. Web. 24 Jul 2014. D’Alembe, Talbot â€Å"Understanding the Death Penalty Study Commission Report† Raising the Bar in Capital Cases. 34.2 ( 2007): n.pag. Web. 24 Jul 2014. Liptak, Adam â€Å"Does Death Penalty Save Lives? A New Debate. New York Times. New York Times, 18 Nov 2007. Web. 9 Jul 2014. Pataki, George E. â€Å" Death Penalty is a Deterrent†. USA Today Magazine. USA Today, Mar 1997. Web. 26 Jul 2014. Peirce, Gleen L. and Michael Radelet â€Å"Monitoring Death Sentences Decisions: The Challenges and Barriers to Equity†. 34.2. n. pg. Web. 26 Jul 2014. Templeton, Jean M. "Death Row Reforms May Lead to a Fairer Criminal Justice System." Capital Punishment. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Current Controversies. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.

Influenza in New York City :: Journalism Media Studies Influenza Health Essays

Influenza in New York City NEW YORK--The Influenza epidemic arrived in the city last month, and it has remained a constant presence since then. The epidemic, which is now present in most major cities in America, lingers in and around the city, affecting everyone. Dr. Copeland, Health Commissioner Royal, has declared influenza to be a reportable disease. Influenza presents itself in a manner not unlike a cold: runny nose, chills, fever, coughing, sneezing. Influenza is a stronger version of the cold, as it can lead to extreme pain and congestion, and, as we have seen, it can often result in death. Because influenza is so much like the cold, doctors urge all New Yorkers to suspect and prepare for influenza first when these symptoms arise. For their part, city officials have outlawed sneezing, coughing, and spitting in public. Doctors say the disease is spread through expelled mucus and saliva. It is expected that the new municipal codes will help to slow the spread of the disease. While the precautions strike many as odd and unnecessary, doctors insist that being more careful about our fluids will end the epidemic in the city sooner rather than later. Transgressors, along with receiving the disdain of the public, will be fined arrested and fined. Doctors and City officials alike insist that everyone cooperate to contain this disease. City-dwellers will also notice new opening and closing times for bars, restaurants, shops, theaters, businesses, and factories. The Board of Health has begun to regulate hours in order to reduce crowds. Doctors say that smaller crowds of people reduce the chance of the disease being spread. New Yorkers won't be stuck in large crowds of people which may or may not contain sick people. A few Board of Health officials anonymously and jokingly point out that for the first time in modern ages, New Yorkers will enjoy serenity and space when they go into the city. Even when sick people are out and about, smaller crowds will reduce the number of people exposed to the germs. New York remains a large, crowded city even with the restrictions, but Board of Health officials assert that even a small reduction in the number of people will lend to the fight against influenza. City officials are also monitoring travelers, keeping the sick off of trains, buses, and subways.

Jane Eyre

In this essay I will be exploring how Charlotte Bronte conveys hardships in her portrayal of life. Furthermore the issue of life in Victorian England and what Victorian readers may think of the treatment of children will also be looked upon. Many of the hardships that children face are shown through the several descriptions and the actions of characters that are close to Jane. Throughout the text we learn that the novel explores the lack of rights and mistreatment of an orphan by her rich relatives. The issues of child abuse are often considered between the Reed family. In the novel the portrayal of the reed children seems to interfere with Jane's life. The author emphasises them to be unfriendly and unkind to Jane as she is an adopted sister. They are shown as being immoral and haughty. They like to abuse Jane because they feel she is inferior. Their feelings of superiority towards Jane are what cause them to intimidate and torment Jane. The depiction of John Reed shows him to be a bully and unaffectionate: â€Å"John had not much affection for his mother or sisters† which indicates ungratefulness from John towards the rest of his family. Bronte tries to characterize him as a murderer. The quotation â€Å"I really saw in him a tyrant: a murderer† shows Jane's feelings towards John; that he is ruthless and bloodthirsty. This is so that the audience can realise how and what Jane feels about her unintelligent cousin. The portrayal of Georgina differs greatly from that of John. A â€Å"spoiled tempered† brat at the mere stage of childhood is the interpretation of Georgina. She is shown as being spiteful through the quote â€Å"acrid spite† and is additionally perceived to be arrogant which is publicized by the extract â€Å"insolent carriage†. These extracts indicate to us that despite the lack of violence that Georgina contributes towards Jane, Jane still dislikes Georgina. Other attributes of Georgina are her â€Å"pink cheeks† and â€Å"golden curls†. These underline features of Georgina that Jane likes, and could possibly be implying that she herself may want to develop the attributes of beauty seen within Georgina, as Jane may not be self confident of her own image. Eliza is pictorised as being â€Å"Eliza who was headstrong and selfish was respected† indicating the personality of Eliza. Eliza is also depicted as being quick-witted. There is no evident quote however by reading between the lines we can obtain this from the passage â€Å"Eliza just put her head in at the door, and said at once: â€Å"She is in the window-seat to be sure Jack. † Bronte dictates Jane's feelings so the audience are conscious of how and what Jane feels. Mrs Reed is another character of the novel. The way she treats Jane differs greatly from her own children's treatment. As the responsible adult of the household she is a role model for all the children, however her behaviour is not only damaging Jane, it is also harming her own children. Jane's harsh treatment from all the family is what causes her to be isolated and unsociable. She treats her children with respect, care and love. We can accumulate this information from the text â€Å"Eliza, John and Georgina were now clustered round their mama in the drawing-room: she lay reclined on the sofa by the fireside, and with her darlings about her (for the time neither quarrelling nor crying) looking perfectly happy. † On the other hand her treatment towards Jane is cruel, unjust and inconsiderate. The quotation â€Å"she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contended, happy little children. † Shows us how immensely the treatment of Jane fluctuates from her cousins. Mrs Reed also treats Jane with unsympathetic punishment. For example when John Reed and Jane had a brawl, Jane was the one who was punished regardless of the fact that John began it. This is when Jane is sent to the red room; â€Å"Take her away into the red-room, and lock her in there† this indicates unfairness from Mrs Reed towards Jane as instead of John being reprimanded she is chastising Jane. All in all Mrs Reeds actions affect Jane in the worst ways possible. This is because as being the adult and landlord of the house she must control the actions of herself and others, however she does not do this for Jane's benefit therefore Jane is affected drastically. Not only do the actions of one adult articulate the way someone is treated but it is the way a certain group treats someone. In this case there are just three other adults in Jane's life that either treat her moderately or dishonestly. Abbot is loyal towards her mistress, Mrs Reed, and treats Jane the way Mrs Reed would treat her. The quotation â€Å"No; you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep. † indicates that despite Jane is a member of the Reed family she is not treated to be as one by both the children and Abbot. Mr Lloyd is an â€Å"apothecary† who is treating Jane the day after her encounter with, what she recalled as being, a spirit. We learn that Jane is happy in Mr Lloyd's presence as he is a stranger to the occupants of Gateshead and due to this she is protected in his attendance. We can attain this from the quotation â€Å"I felt an inexpressible relief, a soothing conviction of protection and security, when I knew that there was a stranger in the room, an individual not belonging to Gateshead, and not related to Mrs. Reed. † this indicates that Jane is elated as in the presence of a stranger as she will not be physically abused. This in effect proclaims that Jane has a predominant fear of the Reed's especially Mrs Reed and John Reed. Bessie is manifested as someone who has a love for Jane to some extent as her opinion on Jane changes after the occurrence in the Red Room. However, when Jane misbehaves she handles her appropriately. Her treatment towards Jane is proclaimed through the text â€Å"Missis was rather too hard† which denotes that even Bessie finds Mrs Reed's treatment towards Jane extremely inconsiderate and inappropriate. On the other hand she treats Jane appropriately when Jane misbehaves or is blamed such as the incident after the fight; â€Å"If you don't sit still, you must be tied down,† which corroborates that Bessie is a fair person and is un-opinionated person towards Jane. Bronte also creates various moods to help the spectators appreciate Jane's situation. The weather is related to the mood that Jane will elaborate on in the following and upcoming paragraphs. We can notify this from the quote â€Å"the cold winter had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of the question. † This depicts the darkness, and darkness is usually related with evil and the presence of something terrible about to happen. The weather is like this on the day of Jane's fight with John Reed and the mood at the beginning of the chapter spawns suspense to some degree. Furthermore, the situation of the Reed accommodation is upon the heath. This shows isolation as there is nothing surrounding the house but grass and other greenery. It, in some ways, relates to Jane as she is isolated in the Reed household. Everyone is opposing her and no one is there to offer her help with the circumstances she is facing such as reciprocated abuse. Charlotte Bronte makes Jane's fears pragmatic through the dialogue and the description of the Red room. The quotation â€Å"the carpet was red; the table at the foot of the bed was covered with a crimson cloth;† depicts the colour of the room; red, hence the name â€Å"The Red Room†. Jane describes the Red room as being â€Å"one of the largest and stateliest chambers in the mansion. † She also describes some furniture such as â€Å"a bed supported on massive pillars of mahogany, hung with curtains of deep red damask,† Bronte does this so that reader gets an insight of the Red rooms features. The author starts to build up suspense by introducing that â€Å"Mr. Reed had been dead nine years: it was in this chamber he breathed his last:† which at once has a dramatic impact on the reader. It brings about the idea of the room being red. Red habitually relates to blood and the demise of Mr Reed enhances the flavour. Jane's fears are then brought to life through the text â€Å"and the strange little figure stood there gazing at me, with a white face and arms speckling the gloom,† this makes us sense a palpable atmosphere of mystery and the supernatural activities. This is somewhat retrospective of the death of Mr Reed and the connection of Red with blood, as now there is a traditional scheme of a ghost dwelling in the room of someone's bereavement. As Jane wakes up we notice that within the next few lines Jane's mood changes rapidly. At first she calm and collective, while she reflects on herself for example; â€Å"All said I was wicked, and perhaps I might be so:† but then after conceiving another paranormal vision her mood turns to anxious and petrified. The segments â€Å"My heart beat thick, my head grew hot† and â€Å"I rushed to the door and shook the door in desperate effort† expose Jane's fears as she is attempting to escape the room as her vision panics her. Bronte also exemplifies school life in her novel. In this she illustrates the daily hardships that young orphan children face. In this chapter we recognise that Jane isn't the only child being neglected. She uses Helen Burns as an example of the destitutions facing children. For example the fragment â€Å"the teacher instantly and sharply inflicted on her neck a dozen strokes with the bunch of twigs. † Which acquaints us that Jane isn't the lone child suffering. She also depicts the teacher to be inconsiderate and inequitable. For instance â€Å"Burns: her memory seemed to have retained the substance of the whole lesson, and she was ready with answers on every point. I kept expecting Miss Scatcherd would praise her attention† this demonstrates inequality and impoliteness from the teacher towards the pupil. There is also a poor quality of life for the residents of Lowood such as â€Å"the water was frozen† and â€Å"Breakfast time came at last, and this morning the porridge was not burnt; the quality was eatable, the quantity small; how small my portion seemed! I wish it had been doubled† this implies that the children are being malnourished. The schools are also cold which we can obtain from the text â€Å"I felt ready to perish with cold. and overcrowded; â€Å"in the course of the day I was enrolled a member of the fourth class,† this all indicates that school life for children was unimaginably pitiless and spiteful and living conditions were criticisable. All in all, throughout the first three chapters, we ascertain that life in Victorian England was appalling especially for orphan children. The poor had to work to earn a living, however, for the rich it was a walk in the park. Regardless of the fact that people had not to accept someone, they did although only for the sake of their reputation. This is what the Reed family did and accommodated Jane. However by doing so they may not comprehend the anguish they are presenting the adopted child. We also learn that school life for children in Victorian England was a disregard towards them as they were disrespected and ignored. The living conditions for children in the schools were abysmal as there were a number of students in one class and they were all emaciated. This may make Victorian readers think that the treatment of children was, to an intensity, immensely astringent, horrendous and unreasonable. It may also make them think about how they treated their children and whether they had mentally and physically destroyed their child's emotions by means of neglection. Bronte may have done this so that she could express her life to the public. She used her experiences in the Evangelical school and as governess to publish â€Å"Jane Eyre†. Also her experience at the Clergy Daughter's School, which she left due to harsh conditions, could be another reason. Overall her lifetime experiences are the reasons for her to publish this novel. Jane Eyre In this essay I will be exploring how Charlotte Bronte conveys hardships in her portrayal of life. Furthermore the issue of life in Victorian England and what Victorian readers may think of the treatment of children will also be looked upon. Many of the hardships that children face are shown through the several descriptions and the actions of characters that are close to Jane. Throughout the text we learn that the novel explores the lack of rights and mistreatment of an orphan by her rich relatives. The issues of child abuse are often considered between the Reed family. In the novel the portrayal of the reed children seems to interfere with Jane's life. The author emphasises them to be unfriendly and unkind to Jane as she is an adopted sister. They are shown as being immoral and haughty. They like to abuse Jane because they feel she is inferior. Their feelings of superiority towards Jane are what cause them to intimidate and torment Jane. The depiction of John Reed shows him to be a bully and unaffectionate: â€Å"John had not much affection for his mother or sisters† which indicates ungratefulness from John towards the rest of his family. Bronte tries to characterize him as a murderer. The quotation â€Å"I really saw in him a tyrant: a murderer† shows Jane's feelings towards John; that he is ruthless and bloodthirsty. This is so that the audience can realise how and what Jane feels about her unintelligent cousin. The portrayal of Georgina differs greatly from that of John. A â€Å"spoiled tempered† brat at the mere stage of childhood is the interpretation of Georgina. She is shown as being spiteful through the quote â€Å"acrid spite† and is additionally perceived to be arrogant which is publicized by the extract â€Å"insolent carriage†. These extracts indicate to us that despite the lack of violence that Georgina contributes towards Jane, Jane still dislikes Georgina. Other attributes of Georgina are her â€Å"pink cheeks† and â€Å"golden curls†. These underline features of Georgina that Jane likes, and could possibly be implying that she herself may want to develop the attributes of beauty seen within Georgina, as Jane may not be self confident of her own image. Eliza is pictorised as being â€Å"Eliza who was headstrong and selfish was respected† indicating the personality of Eliza. Eliza is also depicted as being quick-witted. There is no evident quote however by reading between the lines we can obtain this from the passage â€Å"Eliza just put her head in at the door, and said at once: â€Å"She is in the window-seat to be sure Jack. † Bronte dictates Jane's feelings so the audience are conscious of how and what Jane feels. Mrs Reed is another character of the novel. The way she treats Jane differs greatly from her own children's treatment. As the responsible adult of the household she is a role model for all the children, however her behaviour is not only damaging Jane, it is also harming her own children. Jane's harsh treatment from all the family is what causes her to be isolated and unsociable. She treats her children with respect, care and love. We can accumulate this information from the text â€Å"Eliza, John and Georgina were now clustered round their mama in the drawing-room: she lay reclined on the sofa by the fireside, and with her darlings about her (for the time neither quarrelling nor crying) looking perfectly happy. † On the other hand her treatment towards Jane is cruel, unjust and inconsiderate. The quotation â€Å"she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contended, happy little children. † Shows us how immensely the treatment of Jane fluctuates from her cousins. Mrs Reed also treats Jane with unsympathetic punishment. For example when John Reed and Jane had a brawl, Jane was the one who was punished regardless of the fact that John began it. This is when Jane is sent to the red room; â€Å"Take her away into the red-room, and lock her in there† this indicates unfairness from Mrs Reed towards Jane as instead of John being reprimanded she is chastising Jane. All in all Mrs Reeds actions affect Jane in the worst ways possible. This is because as being the adult and landlord of the house she must control the actions of herself and others, however she does not do this for Jane's benefit therefore Jane is affected drastically. Not only do the actions of one adult articulate the way someone is treated but it is the way a certain group treats someone. In this case there are just three other adults in Jane's life that either treat her moderately or dishonestly. Abbot is loyal towards her mistress, Mrs Reed, and treats Jane the way Mrs Reed would treat her. The quotation â€Å"No; you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep. † indicates that despite Jane is a member of the Reed family she is not treated to be as one by both the children and Abbot. Mr Lloyd is an â€Å"apothecary† who is treating Jane the day after her encounter with, what she recalled as being, a spirit. We learn that Jane is happy in Mr Lloyd's presence as he is a stranger to the occupants of Gateshead and due to this she is protected in his attendance. We can attain this from the quotation â€Å"I felt an inexpressible relief, a soothing conviction of protection and security, when I knew that there was a stranger in the room, an individual not belonging to Gateshead, and not related to Mrs. Reed. † this indicates that Jane is elated as in the presence of a stranger as she will not be physically abused. This in effect proclaims that Jane has a predominant fear of the Reed's especially Mrs Reed and John Reed. Bessie is manifested as someone who has a love for Jane to some extent as her opinion on Jane changes after the occurrence in the Red Room. However, when Jane misbehaves she handles her appropriately. Her treatment towards Jane is proclaimed through the text â€Å"Missis was rather too hard† which denotes that even Bessie finds Mrs Reed's treatment towards Jane extremely inconsiderate and inappropriate. On the other hand she treats Jane appropriately when Jane misbehaves or is blamed such as the incident after the fight; â€Å"If you don't sit still, you must be tied down,† which corroborates that Bessie is a fair person and is un-opinionated person towards Jane. Bronte also creates various moods to help the spectators appreciate Jane's situation. The weather is related to the mood that Jane will elaborate on in the following and upcoming paragraphs. We can notify this from the quote â€Å"the cold winter had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of the question. † This depicts the darkness, and darkness is usually related with evil and the presence of something terrible about to happen. The weather is like this on the day of Jane's fight with John Reed and the mood at the beginning of the chapter spawns suspense to some degree. Furthermore, the situation of the Reed accommodation is upon the heath. This shows isolation as there is nothing surrounding the house but grass and other greenery. It, in some ways, relates to Jane as she is isolated in the Reed household. Everyone is opposing her and no one is there to offer her help with the circumstances she is facing such as reciprocated abuse. Charlotte Bronte makes Jane's fears pragmatic through the dialogue and the description of the Red room. The quotation â€Å"the carpet was red; the table at the foot of the bed was covered with a crimson cloth;† depicts the colour of the room; red, hence the name â€Å"The Red Room†. Jane describes the Red room as being â€Å"one of the largest and stateliest chambers in the mansion. † She also describes some furniture such as â€Å"a bed supported on massive pillars of mahogany, hung with curtains of deep red damask,† Bronte does this so that reader gets an insight of the Red rooms features. The author starts to build up suspense by introducing that â€Å"Mr. Reed had been dead nine years: it was in this chamber he breathed his last:† which at once has a dramatic impact on the reader. It brings about the idea of the room being red. Red habitually relates to blood and the demise of Mr Reed enhances the flavour. Jane's fears are then brought to life through the text â€Å"and the strange little figure stood there gazing at me, with a white face and arms speckling the gloom,† this makes us sense a palpable atmosphere of mystery and the supernatural activities. This is somewhat retrospective of the death of Mr Reed and the connection of Red with blood, as now there is a traditional scheme of a ghost dwelling in the room of someone's bereavement. As Jane wakes up we notice that within the next few lines Jane's mood changes rapidly. At first she calm and collective, while she reflects on herself for example; â€Å"All said I was wicked, and perhaps I might be so:† but then after conceiving another paranormal vision her mood turns to anxious and petrified. The segments â€Å"My heart beat thick, my head grew hot† and â€Å"I rushed to the door and shook the door in desperate effort† expose Jane's fears as she is attempting to escape the room as her vision panics her. Bronte also exemplifies school life in her novel. In this she illustrates the daily hardships that young orphan children face. In this chapter we recognise that Jane isn't the only child being neglected. She uses Helen Burns as an example of the destitutions facing children. For example the fragment â€Å"the teacher instantly and sharply inflicted on her neck a dozen strokes with the bunch of twigs. † Which acquaints us that Jane isn't the lone child suffering. She also depicts the teacher to be inconsiderate and inequitable. For instance â€Å"Burns: her memory seemed to have retained the substance of the whole lesson, and she was ready with answers on every point. I kept expecting Miss Scatcherd would praise her attention† this demonstrates inequality and impoliteness from the teacher towards the pupil. There is also a poor quality of life for the residents of Lowood such as â€Å"the water was frozen† and â€Å"Breakfast time came at last, and this morning the porridge was not burnt; the quality was eatable, the quantity small; how small my portion seemed! I wish it had been doubled† this implies that the children are being malnourished. The schools are also cold which we can obtain from the text â€Å"I felt ready to perish with cold. and overcrowded; â€Å"in the course of the day I was enrolled a member of the fourth class,† this all indicates that school life for children was unimaginably pitiless and spiteful and living conditions were criticisable. All in all, throughout the first three chapters, we ascertain that life in Victorian England was appalling especially for orphan children. The poor had to work to earn a living, however, for the rich it was a walk in the park. Regardless of the fact that people had not to accept someone, they did although only for the sake of their reputation. This is what the Reed family did and accommodated Jane. However by doing so they may not comprehend the anguish they are presenting the adopted child. We also learn that school life for children in Victorian England was a disregard towards them as they were disrespected and ignored. The living conditions for children in the schools were abysmal as there were a number of students in one class and they were all emaciated. This may make Victorian readers think that the treatment of children was, to an intensity, immensely astringent, horrendous and unreasonable. It may also make them think about how they treated their children and whether they had mentally and physically destroyed their child's emotions by means of neglection. Bronte may have done this so that she could express her life to the public. She used her experiences in the Evangelical school and as governess to publish â€Å"Jane Eyre†. Also her experience at the Clergy Daughter's School, which she left due to harsh conditions, could be another reason. Overall her lifetime experiences are the reasons for her to publish this novel.

Digital Signatures

Signature is an important aspect of any document or agreement between two parties. Only handwritten signatures are valid for legal documents. The modern world is currently doing lot of proposals and agreements through computers and internet. In order to use in the online documents, technologists has developed a new signature method called digital signature. This paper examines the technology, validity and reliability of digital signatures Introduction Digital signature is an electronic signature which is used to identify the validity of a document.With the help of digital signature one can verify that the message he received is original and unchanged. Nobody can reject the fatherhood of a message if it is signed digitally. Digital signature is a process which involves some kind of encryption and decryption of data. The person who sends the message will encrypt the message which can be decrypt only by the addressee. â€Å"A digital signature is a â€Å"stamp† places on the dat a which is unique to somebody, and is very difficult to forge.In addition, the signature assures that any changes made to the data that has been signed cannot go undetected. † (David Youd) Digital signatures 3 Digital signature – Technology â€Å"After creating a document, using special software one can obtain a message hash (mathematical summary) of the message. Then using a private key obtained from a public-private key authority, the message is been hashed. This encrypted hash is the digital signature of the message.The receiver of the message makes a hash of the received message to ensure the validity of the message. He will then make use of the public key provided by the sender to decrypt the message hash. If the hashes matched, then the received message is valid. † (Digital signature) Legality of Digital signature Many countries like, US, European Union, and Australia have approved digital signatures legally just like other handwritten signature documents. Most of the e-commerce activities are making use of digital signatures to authenticate the documants.â€Å"Stimulated by the development of the American Bar Association Digital Signature Guidelines, electronic signature legislation began with the Utah Digital Signature Act, which was enacted in 1995 and focused solely on issues raised by cryptography-based digital signatures. Soon thereafter, legislation was introduced in several other states† (Thomas J. Smedinghoff and Ruth Hill Bro) Digital signatures 4 Issues and concerns of digital signatures Like most of the other secure documents have suffered by the intrusion of hackers, digital signature technology is also under the constant threats from the e-frauds.â€Å"How do you verify the actual consent and authority of a person relating to these new electronically-signed transactions, or know that the electronic signature wasn't stolen from a PC by some inside or outside entity? † (Lauren Weinstein) Conclusion Digital si gnatures are extensively used in e-commerce activities. It is legally approved in many countries just like the hand written signatures. Like most of the other secure documents in internet, the digital signatures are also under threat from intruders or hackers.

Counselor Reflection

School counselors are integral team members for any school staff. They help students make responsible decisions; mediate problems; deal with traumatic losses; develop a sense of respect for themselves and others; and plan for college, work, post-secondary training, and lifelong learning. As a school counselor, Nikki Williams has a desire to provide Miller Elementary school with an effective counseling program. This model has allowed her to be more accountable and given her the tools by which to assess the worth of my program and its services.Her knowledge and skills have been expanded through implementation of this program but, more importantly, the tone has been set for who she is as a counselor and where her desire is to go as she journeys into helping students achieve success. Leadership Every effort is made to assert herself as a school leader by demonstrating accountability and sharing pertinent data with students, teachers, parents, administrators and the community. Needs asses sments and outcomes from various guidance and counseling interventions are shared with staff.Data from these needs assessments are used to set priorities, establish program goals and objectives, and assign activities. Meetings with teachers are ongoing in order to provide classroom guidance activities that meet students’ academic, career, and personal/social needs. For instance, being an active member of our school leadership team, SST committee, and regularly attending IEP meetings allows me to provide leadership by being a guiding force in reviewing data, and designing and implementing ways to increase students’ academic performance.During these meetings, I contribute strong group facilitation and problem solving skills by keeping discussions focused on what benefits the student and contributing my knowledge of student growth and development. This year she has been an instrumental leader in such things as: * Providing staff development training (child mandated report ing, guidance program orientation, etc. ) * Conferencing, collaborating, and consulting with administrators, teachers, parents, students, and other stakeholders * Planning school wide events (Career Day, Hispanic Heritage Day, Red Ribbon Week, etc. * Developing an Advisory Council * Conducting a school needs assessment * Designing a comprehensive school guidance program * Maintaining contact with community organizations (DFCS, Rainbow House, HODAC, etc. ) * Educating parents about school counseling curriculum Collaboration Collaboration is an essential part of her school counseling program. She feels it is vital to collaborate with her staff. They meet regularly to review school data and identify obstacles to higher achievement. Through their collaborative efforts they problem solve and share their craft and knowledge.She feels that this encourages more open staff relationships, promotes collegiality, and allows everyone to work towards a common goal. For example, she has been worki ng closely with the teacher of the fifth grade special education group. She meets with this teacher regularly to put a plan in action to best meet the academic needs of these students. Her involvement in grade level and SST meetings give me the opportunity to partner with teachers, school psychologists, and other resource personnel by collaborating to identify and resolve student problems by designing the most appropriate and innovative program or instructional modifications.Advocacy To be seen as an advocate for â€Å"all students† is important to her; for she is an advocate in numerous ways for students, particularly with regard to behavior, motivation, and achievement. Through collaborative efforts with her school’s leadership team, she advocates for all students by providing support to encourage them to obtain the best possible education. Additionally, data gathered from delivery of classroom guidance lessons is used to share with teachers and administrators, which seems to encourage a more positive mindset for achievement and success for all students.Systemic Change Systemic change is an essential part of school reform. Ms. Williams feels that she presents herself as a leader in systemic change by delivering to all students an ASCA National Model Program that is aligned with state standards for academic personal/social, and career development. This effort is promoted through collaborative efforts with staff members as they assess and analyze data and review areas of concern. This year, she has come aboard the MES team to implement new ways to help students excel in all reas. She examines the risk factors, but also the strengths and potential that children bring to the counseling relationship. Consequently, this year Ms. Williams is playing an integral part of systemic change by working with her fifth grade special education students in an effort to close the achievement gap. The students failed the math portion of the CRCT test and through t heir school’s collaborative efforts; they hope to build success in these students.Furthermore, through implementation of the National Model Program, Ms. Williams brings about change in my school by being an exemplary counselor representing the entire school community in an effort to eliminate barriers to student achievement. Her commitment to the process of change puts her in a position to effectively serve as a catalyst in students’ lives and serve as a change agent in the school community.

Psychological approaches to health practice Essay

Explain different psychological approaches to social care practice In this assignment I am going to look at four different psychological approaches and how they can be linked to health and social care situations, two of the approaches will be linked to health care situations and the other two to social care situations. The first approach that I am going to link to a social care situation is the behaviourist perspective, where psychologists explain all human behaviour as resulting from experience. Two of the major psychologists linked with this approach are Pavlov and Skinner and although these two believed that different processes were involved they agreed that behaviour was the result of learning. I am going to concentrate on the work of Skinner. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist that worked mainly with pigeons and rats to investigate the important principles of learning new behaviours. He was responsible for a very famous piece of equipment, the Skinner box, whi ch was a box that contained a lever that when pressed released a food pellet. This box reinforced lever pressing behaviour. Once the rat was put inside Skinners box it would sniff and move around and at some point push the lever and release the food pellet. When the rat has pushed the lever many times it will learn that this behaviour, pushing the lever, is followed by the release of the food pellet, the consequence. As the rat would like to have more food the pellet is experienced as reinforcing and this increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated. Skinner also investigated negative reinforcement by running a very small electric current on the floor of the box containing the rat and if the rat pushed the lever then the current would be turned off. This action was negative reinforcement. An example of this is taking a painkiller to relieve the symptoms of a headache which results in the headache going away then you have been negatively reinforced for taking a painkiller. Skinner also investigated that punishment happens when behaviour is followed by a consequence which is an unpleasant experience . He did this by having a box where the rat received a small electric shock when it pushed the lever. The consequence of pushing the lever was unpleasant, an electric shock, so the rat learned not to push the lever. The principles of operant conditioning can be used to create more helpful behaviours and remove the  unhelpful ones. The principles of reinforcement and punishment are a very powerful way to alter a person’s behaviour. This process is sometimes known as behaviour modification. My father uses this approach daily at work as he is a senior prison officer at HMP Wayland to maintain order within the regime and my mother uses the same ideas, for classroom management at Wayland Academy, on a daily basis. In both situations, good behaviour is rewarded and poor behaviour is punished but in very different ways. At Wayland Academy, where I have completed my first work placement, there is a behaviour policy called the Red Card Procedure and it is used in every classroom throughout the school. The policy is a four stage policy designed to promote good classroom behaviour and pupils receive consequences for behaviour that disrupts the learning of other students. The procedure is: Step 1 – Consequence 1 (C1) – The student receives a 10 minute detention for a first occurrence of any behaviour that disrupts others learning. This behaviour can include calling out, unnecessarily demanding the teacher’s time and using foul language. Step 2 – Consequence 2 (C2) – The student receives a 10 minute detention for a second occurrence of any behaviour that disrupts others learning. This means that the student now has a total of 20 minutes detention with the class teacher. Step 3 – Consequence 3 (Time out) – After the third occurrence of disruptive behaviour the student is sent outside the classroom and the teacher goes out and speaks to them privately explaining that they have reached their final chance of remaining in the lesson. If their behaviour is not improved after this they will be removed from the remainder of the lesson and have a 60 minute after school detention the following week. Step 4 – Consequence 4 (R ed Card) – If another example of disruptive behaviour now happens the student is removed from the remainder of the lesson and receives a 60 minute after school detention. The Red Card Procedure works on the same basis as Skinners theory that punishment occurs when behaviour is followed by a consequence that is unpleasant. If the student demonstrates disruptive behaviour then they are punished by the removal of their free time, in the form of detention, and it is hoped that this punishment will teach the student to stop the disruptive behaviour. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National  Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 339-340 The second approach that I am going to link to a social care situation is the cognitive perspective where psychologists believe the brain was like a computer system and much work has gone in to understanding the cognitive processes of attention, memory, perception, information processing, thought, problem solving and language. One of the two main psychologists within this approach, that I am going to talk about, is George Kel ly. He developed a very unique psychological theory known as the Psychology of Personal Construct where he saw the individual as a experimenter, making their predictions about the future, testing them and if they need to they revise them according to new evidence. For example if an individual becomes deaf in their middle age then it might be likely that they withdraw from society and become isolated. On the other hand if they interpret it as a challenge then they may try and find new and exciting ways to work around the deafness and continue with a fulfilling life. Individuals with learning difficulties may experience frustration within their daily lives as they seek to make sense of confusing experiences. The cognitive approach can help individuals with learning difficulties in misunderstood situations, by identifying irrational thoughts, an individual can be a guide to change them, with consequent benefits on their emotions and behaviour. This work can improve an individual’s self-esteem and reduce outbursts which may be caused by a lack of understanding of the requirements that are needed for a situation. While I was on placement at Wayland Academy, I worked with the Year 7 Gold Group, which is a nurture group. The individuals in thi s nurture group all have certain learning difficulties . The group is limited to a maximum of 15 students so the staff have enough time within a lesson to go around and help everyone understand the lesson objectives and stop them from becoming frustrated. For example, one of the students within the classroom has Aspergers Syndrome which is a form of autism but it differs from other conditions on the autism spectrum by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development. The teacher and classroom assistant have certain strategies to allow this student to access learning. While they are sitting and working with him they are continually refocusing his attention on to the required task, and this may involve moving the work into his eyeline if he has become distracted. Another strategy is to repeat and reword the given  task until the student has understood fully. The teacher and the classroom assistant knows when the student has understood because when he has understood he responds to them in full sentences and when he is still struggling he only gives one word answers. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 350-351 and 359-361 http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Asperger’s-Syndrome.htm Now I am going to move on and look at health care situations and the first psychological approach I am going to look at is the humanistic perspective. Humanistic psychology looks at the human experience from an individual’s viewpoint and uses the idea of free will and that everyone is free to make choices. One of the two psychologists I am going to talk about is Carl Rodgers and was very interested in the whole idea concept of self. Self-concept looks at the way each individual views themselves, this includes biological and physical attributes. Self-concept is noticed at a young age, when children internalise other individual’s judgements about them and think it is true. For example if a child gets called naughty or silly throughout their childhood then their self-concept will contain these aspects and possibly shape their future in a negative way. On the other hand if a child is praised and encouraged to succeed then they will have a positive self-concept and will try better at what they do because they start to see themselves as worthwhile. Carl Rodgers is famous for forming a particular type of counselling which is based on unconditional positive regard from the counsellor, to try and help the patient gain a more positive sense of self. Unconditional positive regard refers to the idea that the counsellor supports and validates the individual’s experiences, feelings, beliefs and emotions unconditionally, whether good or bad. Over time this helps the patient accept themselves and think more positively about who they are. One of the features of this approach to helping others is to develop empathy. Empathy is the opposite of sympathy where you would feel sorry for an individual empathy us to really listen to the individual and be in tune with their emotions, and respect them for who they are This is not always easy to do because as we may not understand why the individual feels so bad about themselves about an issue we may be able to easily discharge. Nevertheless, if we try to respect the individual we maybe working with then we might start to understand the importance to them and we can become closer to displaying empathy. True empathy requires us to move aside all judgements we may have and as the saying goes ‘Put ourselves in their shoes’. Like empathy, understanding is of critical importance when applying this perspective to health care practices. Rodgers frequently referred to more then just understanding at an intellectual level: he talks about empathetic understanding which means using your own emotions and sensitivity to become a more effective person to help any individual. A lot of the time many people allow their own personal experiences and personal judgements get in the way of helping the individual by saying â€Å"Well, that’s not a problem – they should just pull themselves together! I have dealt with worse myself.† This can turn into a major barrier between patient and counsellor, instead of creating a barrier counsellors use useful questions like; How does that make you feel? Can you identify what you are afraid of? Could you tell me a little bit more about that? That seemed to upset you? All of these questions enable the individual to break down the problem without realising it so it helps the counsellor what to say and what to suggest for the next step. It has been shown , by a recent study in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical, that cognitive behaviour therapy for adherence and depression can be effective for decreasing depression and increasing adherence to medication in HIV-infected drug users. The intervention group received 9 treatment sessions over a period of 3 months, involving informational, problem-solving, and cognitive behavioral steps. At each step, the participants and the therapist collaboratively defined the problem, generated alternative solutions, made decisions about the solutions, and developed a plan for implementing them. At post-treatment, the intervention group showed significant improvements and showed a significant reduction in symptoms of depression. Depression and substance abuse are the most comorbid disorders associated with HIV-inf ection, and it is suggested that even a small change in adherence can result in improved outcomes for HIV patients. The results of this study suggest that the  integration of cognitive behavior therapy into substance abuse counseling may be useful for decreasing depression and improving adherence to medication (with continued sessions) in HIV-infected patients with a history of injection drug use. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 348, 349 and 357 http://www.beckinstituteblog.org/2013/03/cbt-is-effective-for-adherence-and-depression-in-hiv-infected-injection-drug-users/ The second approach I am going to discuss in relation to a health care situation is the social learning perspective. The social learning perspective is where influences happen on our behaviour from the environment around us, for example; from peers, siblings, parents, sports personalities, television and other celebrities. According to this theory role models have a huge impact on an individual’s life. While we may learn our behaviour from observing another person behave and imitating what they do, behaviour is strongly influenced by the way we perceive the role model performing the behaviour. Albert Bandura was one of the theorists within the social learning approach and he developed observational learning, which is learning behaviour from watching and observing others such as television personalities. The individual we learn from, known as the role model, and the process of imitating their behaviour is called modelling. However we do not imitate all behaviour we have observed, because it is in our interests to imitate particular behaviour influenced by the actions of the role model. If we see our role model being punished and we do not like the way they have been punished then we as individuals are less likely to repeat that behaviour, on the other hand if they have been positively reinforced and the individual sees that then they are more likely to repeat that behaviour. As above role models play a huge part in influencing behaviour of those who observe them. For example Jamie Oliver the celebrity chef has had a huge impact on primary schools around the UK, with his School Dinners Project he has managed to get local authorities to re-introduce freshly cooked meals rather than pre-cooked because they are far healthier for the human body providing the correct nutrients for a child’s needs. He has also, through his Food Foundation created the Kitchen Garden Project which educates primary school children about the joys of growing and cooking from scratch.

The Microsoft trial the Pro an Cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Microsoft trial the Pro an Cons - Essay Example Microsoft countered that innovation and competition were not unlawful, and that the browser and the operating system were inseparable as the browser was not a separate product but a feature of the operating system. Microsoft purported to demonstrate this in court by showing a video of the sluggish performance and increase in errors that would occur if the browser was removed from the product. The DOJ submitted evidence to show that the browser and operating system were separable. They also pointed out that it was possible to obtain a standalone version of the browser, for example for the Macintosh operating system. Although Microsoft argued that the browser was being provided free, the DOJ adduced that the costs of the browser's development were incorporated into the cost of the operating system, and was partly responsible for the relatively high cost of the operating system. Microsoft further argued that the fact that the industry was unregulated had meant faster development, lower prices and more choice for consumers. This argument was echoed by other commentators (see Browne, 2001). However the manner in which the browser is integrated with the operating system means that even when a consumer prefers to use an alternative product the default browser would be Microsoft's. It was not possible for the consumer to backward engineer this, firstly because of the restrictions in the end user license agreement and secondly because most consumers would not know how to go about doing so. Hence in reality they were being forced to use Microsoft's browser whether they wished to or not (Chin, 2004). Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson held that Microsoft were in breach of both sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and ordered that Microsoft should separate the browser and other applications from the operating system. However Microsoft appealed and Judge Jackson's decision was overturned by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals on the basis that since the Judge had given media interviews he had not retained his objectivity. The DC Circuit Court of Appeal remanded the case to be reheard on a reduced scope of liability. Ultimately the DOJ and Microsoft agreed to a settlement whereby Microsoft would provide its Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to third parties and set up a Technical Committee of 3 persons to oversee this for compliance. Despite opposition that this was no more than a slap on the wrist, the US Appeals court unanimously accepted this settlement and Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly directions. In an interview after the ruling a disappointed Massachusetts Attorney General Thomas F. Reilly said Microsoft "not only has been ruled a monopolist, they are now a protected monopolist. That's a very dangerous thing." Reilly said the case demonstrates that "our antitrust laws are not effective in protecting consumers," especially in the realm of high technology (quoted in Krim, 2004) All software companies benefit from Microsoft's 'victory' to the consumer's